A Review of the Current Literature on Pleomorphic Adenoma.

Abstract

Pleomorphic adenomas (PA) are the most common benign salivary gland tumors. They arise from the major salivary glands, as well as the minor salivary glands. They may arise rarely from the palate, oral cavity, neck, and nasal cavityalso. Yet, the fourth, fifth, and sixth decades of life are the most common for them to manifest. Forty percent of them occurin males and 60% in females.It is a benign mixed tumor, whichhas three components: an epithelial component, a myoepithelial cell component, and a mesenchymal component.A fibrous capsule separates these cells from the surrounding tissues. Itgenerally presents as a slowly progressingpainlessswelling, which is well-delineated, nonsymptomatic, and not involving the facial nerve. Salivary gland tumors can be accurately diagnosed before surgery using fine-needle aspiration (FNA), ultrasonography (USG), and computed tomography (CT) scan. Calponin, cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Mcl-2, metastasis suppressor gene (NM23), p63, S-100, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and SRY-box transcription factor 10 (SOX10) exhibit the majority of the positive reactions in pleomorphic adenomas. The diagnostic marker pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is frequently employed since it is specific for pleomorphic adenoma.Although benign, these epithelial tumors have a propensity to recur and undergo malignant transformation if incompletely excised, leading to increased morbidity in these patients. A review of the consensus guidelines and literature was conducted, and the online literature on the subject from 2002wasincluded. This article is not a complete review of all the available literature; rather, it is a comprehensive review of the topic.