A Review of the Action of Magnesium on Several Processes Involved in the Modulation of Hematopoiesis.

Fabiana Da Silva Lima,Ricardo Ambrósio Fock

doi:10.3390/ijms21197084

Fabiana Da Silva Lima, Ricardo Ambrósio Fock

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197084

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Abstract

Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for the functioning and maintenance of the body. Disturbances in Mg2+ intracellular homeostasis result in cell-membrane modification, an increase in oxidative stress, alteration in the proliferation mechanism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mg2+ deficiency often results in inflammation, with activation of inflammatory pathways and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immune cells and others that make up the blood system are from hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. The hematopoietic tissue is a tissue with high indices of renovation, and Mg2+ has a pivotal role in the cell replication process, as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. However, the impact of the intra- and extracellular disturbance of Mg2+ homeostasis on the hematopoietic tissue is little explored. This review deals specifically with the physiological requirements of Mg2+ on hematopoiesis, showing various studies related to the physiological requirements and the effects of deficiency or excess of this mineral on the hematopoiesis regulation, as well as on the specific process of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. The literature selected includes studies in vitro, in animal models, and in humans, giving details about the impact that alterations of Mg2+ homeostasis can have on hematopoietic cells and hematopoietic tissue.

Highlights

In recent years, researches have shown that alterations in Mg2+ homeostasis, a result of the inadequacy of consumption or the moderate or severe deficiency of this mineral, in animal or in vitro and human models, can result in inflammation
Mg2+ deficiency frequently results in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) pathway activation in immune cells with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and C-reactive protein (CRP), and it is related to the development of chronic diseases [1]
Given the scarcity of data related to the impact of changes on Mg2+ homeostasis in hematopoietic tissue, we focused on publications that evaluated the importance of Mg2+ for various types of cells of hematopoietic origin and stromal cells, with the latter being fundamental for the maintenance of hematopoietic tissue

Summary

Introduction

Researches have shown that alterations in Mg2+ homeostasis, a result of the inadequacy of consumption or the moderate or severe deficiency of this mineral, in animal or in vitro and human models, can result in inflammation. Studies showing the effect of disturbances in Mg2+ homeostasis on the mechanisms of differentiation, proliferation, and maturation of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow are rare, and there are few references in recent decades about this topic, whereby the majority of the results were obtained only in experimental models [15]. These studies demonstrated the impact of Mg2+. The serum Mg2+ does not reflect its intracellular content, serum Mg2+ levels below the reference range (commonly used to diagnose deficiency) reflect only severe deficiency of this mineral, whereas the effects of moderate deficiency may be discrete and clinically underestimated

Main Findings

The Hematopoietic Microenvironment

Conclusions and Perspectives