Abstract
Lung Cancer (LC) is formed by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs, which alters the body's metabolism. Early detection of LC is very important for a better survival rate and prognosis in patients and persons at risk of the disease. Traditional approaches to LC detection are less sensitive to cancerous cells at the early stage, are invasive and consume a lot of resources in terms of time and cost. Exhaled breath is a good source of Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) biomarkers originating from the airways and tissues. Breath analysis is an ideal approach for the detection of metabolites relating to cancer cells in the lungs. The electronic nose (E-nose) approach for LC detection is apt for detecting VOC biomarkers found in the bronchi. E-nose is non-invasive, inexpensive and easy to use. This review discusses the progression of LC diagnosis from radiomics to breathomics (E-nose). Studies on the potential use of E-nose as an easy and non-invasive tool to analyze VOCs in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients to characterize suspected lung nodules are also presented. Furthermore, the current gaps in respect of the application of E-nose for early detection of LC are unearthed.
Highlights
Lung Cancer (LC) referred to as carcinoma of the lung or bronchogenic carcinoma, is an aggressive lung tumor caused by unrestrained growth of epithelial cells in the tissues of the lung, usually in the bronchi and the airways
Research shows that use of imaging techniques such as Chest Radiograph (CRG), Computed Tomography (CT), Low-Dose CT (LDCT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are standard approaches for detecting lung cancer
This study has shown the resurgence of interests in LC early detection and the trends in the application of radiomics through proteomics/genomics to breathomics (E-nose) for LC detection over the years
Summary
Lung Cancer (LC) referred to as carcinoma of the lung or bronchogenic carcinoma, is an aggressive lung tumor caused by unrestrained growth of epithelial cells in the tissues of the lung, usually in the bronchi and the airways. SCLC, which mostly begins in the wider airways as well as the main and secondary bronchi, accounts for around 10-15% of lung cancers It is the most severe form of lung cancer and develops faster than NSCLC, frequently metastasizing at the early onset of the disease to other areas of the organ. Research shows that use of imaging techniques such as Chest Radiograph (CRG), Computed Tomography (CT), Low-Dose CT (LDCT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are standard approaches for detecting lung cancer. All these procedures are expensive and protracted. The rest of this review is divided into two sections: The trends in LC diagnosis and detection from customary methods to the most recent improvements in exhaled breath analysis are presented, while the latter section presents the research opportunities and the future direction in this area of research
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