A review of small-bodied theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of India, with description of new cranial remains of a noasaurid (Theropoda: Abelisauria)

Abstract

ABSTRACT Small-bodied theropod dinosaurs are rare on southern landmasses but have been known from India for a century. Excavations by Charles Matley and Durgansankar Bhattacharji in uppermost Cretaceous sediments at Bara Simla, central India in 1917–1919 recovered small theropod vertebral and limb elements originally interpreted as coelurosaurians and separated into at least three species (Compsosuchus solus, Laevisuchus indicus, Jubbulpuria tenuis) based on features that can now be attributed to their serial position in the vertebral column. The comparatively recent discoveries of Noasaurus leali and Masiakasaurus knopfleri from similar-aged rocks in South America and Madagascar, respectively, and advances in basal theropod systematics led to a revised interpretation of most small-bodied Indian theropods as noasaurid abelisauroids. Here we review and redescribe Laevisuchus, Jubbulpuria, and Compsosuchus, including several elements that until now were thought lost, and describe a new partial noasaurid dentary from central India. The dentary bears the characteristic procumbent dentition of Masiakasaurus, which apparently is absent in Noasaurus. Likewise, cervical vertebrae of Laevisuchus more closely resemble those of Masiakasaurus than those of Noasaurus. Despite these similarities, phylogenetic analyses indicate that the balance of character data supports the Indian noasaurid species outside the sister-taxon pairing of South American and Malagasy species. Bones of small-bodied theropods have been recovered exclusively from the youngest Mesozoic localities in India (e.g., Pisdura, Bara Simla); to date they have not been reported from the slightly older localities in western and central India, from southern Indian sites in the Cauvery Basin, nor from the Vitakri Formation of Pakistan.