Abstract
Galaxy-scale outflows of gas, or galactic winds (GWs), driven by energy from star formation are a pivotal mechanism for regulation of star formation in the current model of galaxy evolution. Observations of this phenomenon have proliferated through the wide application of old techniques on large samples of galaxies, the development of new methods, and advances in telescopes and instrumentation. I review the diverse portfolio of direct observations of stellar GWs since 2010. Maturing measurements of the ionized and neutral gas properties of nearby winds have been joined by exciting new probes of molecular gas and dust. Low-z techniques have been newly applied in large numbers at high z. The explosion of optical and near-infrared 3D imaging spectroscopy has revealed the complex, multiphase structure of nearby GWs. These observations point to stellar GWs being a common feature of rapidly star-forming galaxies throughout at least the second half of cosmic history, and suggest that scaling relationships between outflow and galaxy properties persist over this period. The simple model of a modest-velocity, biconical flow of multiphase gas and dust perpendicular to galaxy disks continues to be a robust descriptor of these flows.
Highlights
Significant amounts of gas in galaxies move in outward radial trajectories due to energy imparted by star formation
These gas outflows powered by star formation, or stellar galactic winds (GWs), continue to be a dynamic topic of observational research in the era of large galaxy surveys and multi-messenger astronomy
These LIRGs and ULIRGs are defined to have LIR > 1011 L and LIR > 1012 L, which corresponds to star formation rate (SFR) > 10 M year−1 and SFR > 100 M year−1 if all the IR luminosity is powered by star formation
Summary
Significant amounts of gas in galaxies move in outward radial trajectories due to energy imparted by star formation. This energy originates from a combination of phenomena rooted in stellar processes: radiation, winds, explosive events, and cosmic rays. These gas outflows powered by star formation, or stellar galactic winds (GWs), continue to be a dynamic topic of observational research in the era of large galaxy surveys and multi-messenger astronomy. GWs and compare simulated galaxy properties with observed galaxy properties (like the galaxy mass function) to constrain the nature of GWs (e.g., [10,11,12]) Such indirect measurements are essential for a complete picture of the relationship of GWs to their surrounding environments. Some techniques are in practice easier to apply to high-redshift galaxies, but on balance this is not the case
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