Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global medical threat that seriously endangers human health. Rapid bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) are key interventions to combat the spread and emergence of AMR. Although current clinical bacterial identification and AST provide comprehensive information, they are labor-intensive, complex, inaccurate, and slow (requiring several days, depending on the growth of pathogenic bacteria). Recently, Raman-based identification and AST technologies have played an increasingly important role in fighting AMR. This review summarizes major Raman-based techniques for bacterial identification and AST, including spontaneous Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and coherent Raman scattering (CRS) imaging. Then, we discuss recent developments in rapid identification and AST methods based on Raman technology. Finally, we highlight the major challenges and potential future efforts to improve clinical outcomes through rapid bacterial identification and AST.
Highlights
The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major public concern that seriously endangers human health [1–4]
This study shows that Laser Tweezers Raman Spectroscopy (LTRS) has the potential to detect and identify microbial cells in different aqueous media rapidly
This study found several Raman peaks at 729, 1245, and 1660 cm−1, showing significant time-dependent differences in bacteria treated with antibiotics and untreated bacteria, indicating that this method can study the interaction between bacteria and antibiotics to develop a Raman spectroscopy-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST)
Summary
The global rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major public concern that seriously endangers human health [1–4]. Traditional AST methods rely on time-consuming culturing methods, including disk diffusion and broth microdilution testing [4]. These methods, based on the differences in bacterial growth at different antimicrobial concentrations, have been standardized and recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) as a gold-standard [5]. A molecule-based approach is another emerging technique in bacterial identification due to its high specificity and sensitivity [8]. This method requires specific antibodies and does not achieve full hybridization, making it difficult to apply to unknown bacteria [9]. We will discuss their potential for transformation from the laboratory to the clinic
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