Abstract
Vacuoles, cellular membrane-bound organelles, are the largest compartments of cells, occupying up to 90% of the volume of plant cells. Vacuoles are formed by the biosynthetic and endocytotic pathways. In plants, the vacuole is crucial for growth and development and has a variety of functions, including storage and transport, intracellular environmental stability, and response to injury. Depending on the cell type and growth conditions, the size of vacuoles is highly dynamic. Different types of cell vacuoles store different substances, such as alkaloids, protein enzymes, inorganic salts, sugars, etc., and play important roles in multiple signaling pathways. Here, we summarize vacuole formation, types, vacuole-located proteins, and functions.
Highlights
Vacuoles, cellular membrane-bound organelles, are the largest compartments of cells, occupying up to 90% of the volume of plant cells
Recent studies the commonalities between different eukaryotic systemshave from reviewed the perspective of plants and and havedifferences discussed between different eukaryotic from theProteins perspective plants and have sequences discussed plant vacuole substitution and transport traffickingsystems pathways
They noticed that in maturing seeds, the lytic vacuoles (LV) were turned into protein storage vacuoles (PSV), which was reversed during germination [20]
Summary
The term “vacuole” was first proposed by the famous French biologist Félix Dujardin and was used to represent the blank space of protozoan contractile vesicles [1]. In the early stages of vacuole research, methods of microscopic observation and neutral-red staining indicated that the vacuole was an acidic environment surrounded by membranes. Vacuoles can account for 90% of the cell’s volume. Some biochemical characterization of vacuole components and amino acid transport experiments were performed in yeast. The study of plant vacuoles was limited to the localization of some vacuole components. In the early 1980s, the application of the method of separating vacuolar and purified vacuolar vesicles made biochemical and electrophysiological studies of plant vacuolar transporters feasible [3]
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