Abstract
Phylogeography expounds population genetics and phylogenetics in straightforward geographic manner, providing good framework in revealing the evolutionary background of the species. It also records the spatial distribution of genetic lineages which are outcome of population structure mechanisms such as population contraction, population expansion, gene movements and climatic oscillations shaped by climate fluctuations and the physical landscape. The environmental heterogeneity abets organism colonization into new sites and induces adaptive genetic changes in them by creating separation at specific loci. Phylogeography encodes the spatial and temporal distribution of population structure in relation to their ecological and biological requirements which can decipher evolutionary processes. Modern tools that generate genome-wide sequence data are now available which allow us to understand how evolutionary processes affect the spatial distribution of different kinds of individuals and also to model the future spatial distribution of species with respect to climate change.
Highlights
Phylogeography expounds population genetics and phylogenetics in straightforward geographic manner, providing good framework in revealing the evolutionary background of the species. It records the spatial distribution of genetic lineages which are outcome of population structure mechanisms such as population contraction, population expansion, gene movements and climatic oscillations shaped by climate fluctuations and the physical landscape
Modern tools that generate genome-wide sequence data are available which allow us to understand how evolutionary processes affect the spatial distribution of different kinds of individuals and to model the future spatial distribution of species with respect to climate change
Phylogeography is an important branch of science which uses genetic information to investigate the geographical distribution of genealogical lineages, mainly those located within the species (Avise, 2000)
Summary
Phylogeography is an important branch of science which uses genetic information to investigate the geographical distribution of genealogical lineages, mainly those located within the species (Avise, 2000). By providing the structure of population ancestors which is affected by demographic history, phylogeographers can predict the temporal variations in the physical and biotic environment of the population, prevailing in those times, using present day genetic data. For such purposes, phylogeography has contributed a lot in many areas of biology and earth sciences, i.e., speciation, historical biogeography, human evolution, biodiversity research and taxanomy and volcanology (Avise, Walker, & Johns, 1998; Beaumont, 2004; Emerson, 2002; Kohn, 2005; Riddle & Hafner, 2006; Templeton, 2005; Torroni, Achilli, Macaulay, Richards, & Bandelt, 2006). We emphasize on the various biotic and abiotic factors of the phylogeography
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