Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a rare but deadly cancer, predominantly affecting both adolescent and young adult populations. Osteosarcoma occurs when an aggressive malignant neoplasm arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin, which eventually produce a malignancy in the osteoid. Diagnosis of osteosarcoma typically results from symptoms of pain or swelling in the bone, which can be confirmed through laboratory testing of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase levels as well the detection of microscopic and macroscopic lesions. Pathogenesis of osteosarcoma is caused by a diverse set of factors including physical agents, radiation, chromosomal aberrations and viral infection which dysregulate cellular functions. Current research focuses on understanding how microRNAs play a role in osteosarcoma and other aggressive cancers. In this review, we discuss current treatments options including chemoresistant strategies and immunotherapies that show promise at combating osteosarcoma and other cancers.
Highlights
Osteosarcoma is a low incidence or uncommon cancer, which originates in the bones and is predominantly found in adolescents and young adults
Osteosarcoma occurs when an aggressive malignant neoplasm arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin, which eventually produce a malignancy in the osteoid
Diagnosis of osteosarcoma typically results from symptoms of pain or swelling in the bone, which can be confirmed through laboratory testing of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase levels as well the detection of microscopic and macroscopic lesions
Summary
Osteosarcoma is a low incidence or uncommon cancer, which originates in the bones and is predominantly found in adolescents and young adults. In another study using osteosarcoma and lung metastases, c-myc and c-fos gene and protein expression was significantly elevated in relapsed tumors and was correlated with metastasis frequency and intensity[14]. Gene expression is often altered in osteosarcomas so that the tumor cells can continue to proliferate despite chemotherapeutic treatments.
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