A review of non-invasive blood glucose monitoring through breath acetone and body surface

Abstract

Non-invasive glucose monitoring has emerged as a new opportunity in medical diagnostics and health. Non-invasive glucose monitoring technology are evolving rapidly as the new medical monitoring devices which demand more compactness, comfort and accuracy, among other characteristics. This review examines two distinct approaches to non-invasive glucose monitoring based on the physiological parameters monitored: breath acetone and body surface monitoring. The review summarizes breath acetone monitoring, which analyzes a compound produced during human respiration, focusing on the use of advanced chromatography, mass spectrometry, and portable gas biosensors to improve convenience and mobility. Focusing on glucose monitoring through body surface secretions or electrical signals, the review discusses several promising methods, such as optical and electrochemical techniques. Given special emphasis are methods involving interstitial fluid (ISF), which are noted for their significant potential to enhance the practicality and accuracy of glucose monitoring. Despite the persistent challenges pertaining to the accuracy and standardization of non-invasive testing devices, we maintain the belief that with ongoing research and innovation, it is possible to attain enhanced accuracy, reliability, and convenience in non-invasive glucose monitoring technology in the future.