Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes is increasing globally. More than 690 million cases of diabetes are expected worldwide by 2045. Continuous blood glucose monitoring is essential to control the disease and avoid long-term complications. Diabetics suffer on a daily basis with the traditional glucose monitors currently in use, which are invasive, painful, and cost-intensive. Therefore, the demand for non-invasive, painless, economical, and reliable approaches to monitor glucose levels is increasing. Since the last decades, many glucose sensing technologies have been developed. Researchers and scientists have been working on the enhancement of these technologies to achieve better results. This paper provides an updated review of some of the pioneering non-invasive optical techniques for monitoring blood glucose levels that have been proposed in the last six years, including a summary of state-of-the-art error analysis and validation techniques.
Highlights
According to the latest statistics issued by the International Diabetes Federation, the number of adult diabetes cases reached 463 million worldwide in 2019, and it is anticipated to rise to 700 million cases by 2045 [8]
In a recent work [14], a method to solve the challenges of photoacoustic spectroscopy as sweating. It was by identifying the microscopic spatial information of the such as sweating. It achieved was achieved by identifying the microscopic spatial information of skin the for non-invasive glucose monitoring was presented by obtaining the microscopic spatial during the experiment
This study has demonstrated the potential of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) to measure the blood viscosity, but it should be noted that glucose concentration is not the main parameter that altered blood viscosity, it does contribute
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Among the non-invasive monitoring techniques, the optical methods give the best measurements [14]. Thermore, the targeted biological tissue in optical approaches is less exposed to irritation this paper focuses on the latest non-invasive optical sensors for blood glucose monitoring,. Review of non-invasive glucose measurements methods based on glucose intrinsic properties and blood/tissue characteristics to light, and respiration acetone analysis [15]. Review of non-invasive continuous glucose measurement methods based on optical technologies, challenges facing these techniques, and current research status and prospects. Review of non-invasive continuous glucose measurement methods based on the estimation of glucose concentration in other physiological solutions rather than blood
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