Abstract
Plant cells, tissues and organs are composed of various biomolecules arranged as structurally diverse units, which represent heterogeneity at microscopic levels. Molecular knowledge about those constituents with their localization in such complexity is very crucial for both basic and applied plant sciences. In this context, infrared imaging techniques have advantages over conventional methods to investigate heterogeneous plant structures in providing quantitative and qualitative analyses with spatial distribution of the components. Thus, particularly, with the use of proper analytical approaches and sampling methods, these technologies offer significant information for the studies on plant classification, physiology, ecology, genetics, pathology and other related disciplines. This review aims to present a general perspective about near-infrared and mid-infrared imaging/microspectroscopy in plant research. It is addressed to compare potentialities of these methodologies with their advantages and limitations. With regard to the organization of the document, the first section will introduce the respective underlying principles followed by instrumentation, sampling techniques, sample preparations, measurement, and an overview of spectral pre-processing and multivariate analysis. The last section will review selected applications in the literature.
Highlights
Plant structures are composed of primary metabolites: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, various secondary metabolites and other compounds [1]
Typical imaging experiments often require the co-addition of many scans to improve signal-to-noise ratio while maintaining high spatial resolution, which may result in the production of 100 or more spectra
Compared with Partial Least Squares (PLS) and LS-support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN) model considerably improved the performance with coefficient of determination in prediction (R2 P) = 0.938 and 0.965, residual predictive deviation (RPD) = 4.590 and
Summary
Plant structures are composed of primary metabolites: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, various secondary metabolites and other compounds [1]. The peaks in mid-IR spectrum from the vibrations in different functional groups appear in characteristic frequencies of IR (Table 1) [26] This further facilitates easy band assignment and interpretation with spectrum the support offrom a comprehensive referencesin library of spectra of pure components. The spectral range is narrower than the mid-IR range; cm of the samples [15,19] It relies on the vibrations of the molecules described by harmonic and molar absorptivity in near-IR is typically quite small but there is more increased anharmonic motions due to electronic transitions, which categorizes this technique as electronic penetration depth of the samples [15,19]. All molecules containing hydrogen atom have a measurable near-IR spectrum, resulting in a larger materials in plant samples to be suitable for near-IR analysis in comparison to mid-IR [15].
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