Abstract
Nanotechnology is a booming avenue in science and has a multitude of applications in health, agriculture, and industry. It exploits materials’ size at nanoscale (1–100 nm) known as nanoparticles (NPs). These nanoscale constituents are made via chemical, physical, and biological methods; however, the biological approach offers multiple benefits over the other counterparts. This method utilizes various biological resources for synthesis (microbes, plants, and others), which act as a reducing and capping agent. Among these sources, microbes provide an excellent platform for synthesis and have been recently exploited in the synthesis of various metallic NPs, in particular iron. Owing to their biocompatible nature, superparamagnetic properties, small size efficient, permeability, and absorption, they have become an integral part of biomedical research. This review focuses on microbial synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using various species of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. Possible applications and challenges that need to be addressed have also been discussed in the review; in particular, their antimicrobial and anticancer potentials are discussed in detail along with possible mechanisms. Moreover, some other possible biomedical applications are also highlighted. Although iron oxide nanoparticles have revolutionized biomedical research, issues such as cytotoxicity and biodegradability are still a major bottleneck in the commercialization of these nanoparticle-based products. Addressing these issues should be the topmost priority so that the biomedical industry can reap maximum benefit from iron oxide nanoparticle-based products.
Highlights
This review focuses on microbial mediated iron NPs (IONPs) using various species of bacteria, fungus, and yeast
IONPs, they have been exploited in diagnosis, management, and treatment of various diseases
The most notable application in the medical field is their antimicrobial potential, which is attributed to their smaller size, large surface area, and biocidal potential
Summary
Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 130 applications owing to their small size, superparamagnetic properties, and lower biocompatibility It has been used in bioprocessing, targeted delivery, imaging, tissue engineering, and disease management [8,9,10]. This method offers much better alternatives which are more efficient, cost effective, ecofriendly, and safe This technique utilizes biological resources such as microbial cells, algae, fungi, and plants [15]. Green derived IONPs have been used against various disorders including cancer, microbial infections, and antioxidant therapies [17,18] They have shown excellent catalytic and imaging potentials [9,19]. This review focuses on microbial mediated IONPs using various species of bacteria, fungus, and yeast Their biomedical applications have been discussed in detail, especially regarding cancer and antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide a cogent insight for the researchers in nano-biotechnology
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