Abstract
Management of nitrogen (N) is a challenging task and several methods individually and in combination are in use to manage its efficiency. However, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has not been improved to a level, only 33%, as predicted by the researchers while developing nitrogen management tools and methods. The primary objective of this review article is to evaluate methods and tools available to manage nitrogen. Several methods, soil testing, plant tissue testing, spectral response, fertilizer placement and timing and vegetative indexes (leaf area index, and NDVI) through drones, handheld sensors, and satellite imagery were reviewed on the subject of user-friendly and effectiveness towards NUE. No single method was found sufficient to counter the nitrogen loss. Some methods were found time consuming and unsynchronized with N uptake behavior of particular crop, for example, plant tissue testing. Use of precision agriculture tools, such as GreenSeeker, Holland Crop Circle, drone, and satellite imagery, were found better compared to conventional methods such as soil testing, but these tools can only be used when the crop is up. Therefore, N management is possible only through inseason N application methods. When 70% of the applied nitrogen is used by the crops within 25–30 days after planting, for example, corn and potatoes, it is required to apply major N rates through inseason approach and some N at planting using soil test reports. In conclusion, this article strongly advocates using two or more methods in combination when managing N.
Highlights
Nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient for growth and development of plants, is added to agricultural fields to boost crop yields but is limiting in the aquatic ecosystems
These losses can be reduced by adoption of appropriate methods or best management practices (BMPs) that increase the accessibility of N for plant use, enhance plants’ N uptake ability, and match nutrient applications with agronomic needs
Their results suggested that the use of the Green NDVI (GNDVI) using this sensor would be limited to situations where there little or no N fertilizer was applied at planting
Summary
Nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient for growth and development of plants, is added to agricultural fields to boost crop yields but is limiting in the aquatic ecosystems. Significant fractions of the applied N are lost in the air through emission of ammonia (NH3), which contributes to eutrophication and acidification when redeposited on the land; nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas; and nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in tropospheric ozone chemistry [2]. These losses can be reduced by adoption of appropriate methods or best management practices (BMPs) that increase the accessibility of N for plant use, enhance plants’ N uptake ability, and match nutrient applications with agronomic needs.
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