Abstract
In this article, we provide a broad and extensive review of beta titanium alloys. Beta titanium alloys are an important class of alloys that have found use in demanding applications such as aircraft structures and engines, and orthopedic and orthodontic implants. Their high strength, good corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and ease of fabrication provide significant advantages compared to other high performance alloys. The body-centered cubic (bcc) β-phase is metastable at temperatures below the beta transus temperature, providing these alloys with a wide range of microstructures and mechanical properties through processing and heat treatment. One attribute important for biomedical applications is the ability to adjust the modulus of elasticity through alloying and altering phase volume fractions. Furthermore, since these alloys are metastable, they experience stress-induced transformations in response to deformation. The attributes of these alloys make them the subject of many recent studies. In addition, researchers are pursuing development of new metastable and near-beta Ti alloys for advanced applications. In this article, we review several important topics of these alloys including phase stability, development history, thermo-mechanical processing and heat treatment, and stress-induced transformations. In addition, we address recent developments in new alloys, phase stability, superelasticity, and additive manufacturing.
Highlights
Titanium and its alloys are commercially important for many industries [1,2]
We provide an overview of the development history of metastable beta titanium alloys in aircraft structures and biomedical orthopedic implants
For a given Ti alloy composition, a well-known and useful parameter for characterizing the β-phase stability is the molybdenum equivalency (MoE). This quantity is a combined measure of the effects of beta phase stabilizing elements, alpha phase stabilizing elements, and neutral elements contained in a Ti alloy on the beta phase stability
Summary
Titanium and its alloys are commercially important for many industries [1,2]. They are used for engineering applications in the aerospace industry [1,3,4,5], the biomedical and healthcare industry [1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13], the energy and power generation industry [1,5,14,15], and the petrochemical industry [5]. Commercially pure (cp) α-titanium (α-Ti) is used in the biomedical industry as an orthodontic or orthopedic implant material due to its good biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and low cytotoxicity The characteristics of metastable β-phase Ti alloys make them an attractive choice for advanced engineering applications in demanding conditions despite their high costs [1] Notwithstanding their promise, these alloys have mainly seen use in niche applications for aircraft structures, orthopedic implants, and orthodontic devices. This article discusses current state of research on commercially important alloys for aerospace structures and biomedical implants in context of alloy design, processing and heat treatment, and phase transformations.
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