Abstract
The electrification of passenger cars is one of the most effective approaches to reduce noxious emissions in urban areas and, if the electricity is produced using renewable sources, to mitigate the global warming. This profound change of paradigm in the transport sector requires the use of Li-ion battery packages as energy storage systems to substitute conventional fossil fuels. An automotive battery package is a complex system that has to respect several constraints: high energy and power densities, long calendar and cycle lives, electrical and thermal safety, crash-worthiness, and recyclability. To comply with all these requirements, battery systems integrate a battery management system (BMS) connected to an complex network of electric and thermal sensors. On the other hand, since Li-ion cells can suffer from degradation phenomena with consequent generation of gaseous emissions or determine dimensional changes of the cell packaging, chemical and mechanical sensors should be integrated in modern automotive battery packages to guarantee the safe operation of the system. Mechanical and chemical sensors for automotive batteries require further developments to reach the requested robustness and reliability; in this review, an overview of the current state of art on such sensors will be proposed.
Highlights
One of the most common strategies to mitigate global warming and to reduce the noxious emissions in urban areas is the electrification of passenger and industrial vehicles.This requires the production of energy storage systems, based on Li-ion cells, characterized by high energy and power densities, long cycle life, and high safety
An automotive battery package has to be resistant to crash events, has to guarantee electric insulation, and has to integrate insulating materials to be able to slow down a possible thermal runaway event
The degradation phenomena that can compromise the safety of Liion cells are associated with mechanical effects such as the deformation of the cell packaging or gaseous emissions that can anticipate a thermal runaway event. These phenomena have to be monitored using mechanical and chemical sensors integrated in the battery system, but this still remains a difficult task to be realized at an industrial level
Summary
Matteo Dotoli 1,2, * , Riccardo Rocca 1,2, * , Mattia Giuliano 1 , Giovanna Nicol 1 , Flavio Parussa 1 , Marcello Baricco 2 , Anna Maria Ferrari 2 , Carlo Nervi 2 and Mauro Francesco Sgroi 1.
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