Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a viable route for converting a vast range of materials into liquid fuel, without the need for pre-drying. Currently, HTL studies produce bio-crude with properties that fall short of diesel or biodiesel standards. Upgrading bio-crude improves the physical and chemical properties to produce a fuel corresponding to diesel or biodiesel. Properties such as viscosity, density, heating value, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, and chemical composition can be modified towards meeting fuel standards using strategies such as solvent extraction, distillation, hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking. This article presents a review of the upgrading technologies available, and how they might be used to make HTL bio-crude into a transportation fuel that meets current fuel property standards.
Highlights
In the first quarter of 2015, global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have reached a record high of 400 parts per million [1]
In order to restrict global temperature rise to 2 °C, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions should be maintained in the range of 445–490 ppm CO2-equivalent [2]
The nature of the process allows for feedstock with high moisture content, a wide range of material can be subjected to Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) to produce bio-crude
Summary
In the first quarter of 2015, global atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have reached a record high of 400 parts per million (ppm) [1]. Unprocessed biomass, has lower energy density, higher moisture content, and its physical form is not homogeneous and free-flowing [5] making it a problem as a feedstock for reciprocating engines. These issues have been partially addressed by a number of processing technologies. The nature of the process allows for feedstock with high moisture content, a wide range of material can be subjected to HTL to produce bio-crude. Heating values are not comparable with conventional fuels and biodiesel These properties make HTL bio-crude difficult to use as transportation fuels, apart from marine applications. Products of pyrolysis will be referred to as bio-oil, while HTL products will be referred to as bio-crude
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