Abstract
Many accidents are caused by sudden changes in the physical conditions of professional drivers. Therefore, it is quite important that the driver monitoring system must not restrict or interfere with the driver’s action. Applications that can measure a driver’s heartbeat without restricting the driver’s action are currently under development. In this review, examples of heartbeat-monitoring systems are discussed. In particular, methods for measuring the heartbeat through sensing devices of a wearable-type, such as wristwatch-type, ring-type, and shirt-type devices, as well as through devices of a nonwearable type, such as steering-type, seat-type, and other types of devices, are discussed. The emergence of wearable devices such as the Apple Watch is considered a turning point in the application of driver-monitoring systems. The problems associated with current smartwatch- and smartphone-based systems are discussed, as are the barriers to their practical use in vehicles. We conclude that, for the time being, detection methods using in-vehicle devices and in-vehicle cameras are expected to remain dominant, while devices that can detect health conditions and abnormalities simply by driving as usual are expected to emerge as future applications.
Highlights
In Japan, a law subsidizing the cost of acquiring equipment was certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, in order to incentivize the installation of driver monitoring systems to prevent drivers from overworking themselves and avoid serious accidents caused by drivers falling asleep at the wheel [28]
This review focuses on automotive application heart rate monitoring systems and addresses the widespread use of smartphones and smartwatches, as well as discusses heart rate monitoring systems for the autonomous driving era
Multi-resolution analysis enables the selection of only the signal containing important information; the R-wave peak can be detected after reducing the factors depending on a driver’s personality, such as sex, age, the state of cardiovascular functioning, and other noise effects, using an optimization algorithm based on the Hilbert transform and primary differential
Summary
Many accidents are caused by sudden changes in the physical conditions of professional drivers. These methods are not inadequate to measure heartbeat in a vehicle, and a nonwearable-type monitoring system is desirable in spite of the fact that the reliability of the acquired data is inferior to that of wearable-type systems. Such driver monitoring systems must be able to detect the driver’s state of alertness correctly without making contact with the driver. In Japan, a law subsidizing the cost of acquiring equipment was certified by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism, in order to incentivize the installation of driver monitoring systems to prevent drivers from overworking themselves and avoid serious accidents caused by drivers falling asleep at the wheel [28]
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