A review of gut microbial metabolites and therapeutic approaches in hypertension

Abstract

Abstract Background Hypertension is a prevalent and complex disease that is increasingly recognized to be influenced by the gut microbiome and its metabolites. Understanding the relationship between gut microbial metabolites and blood pressure regulation could provide new therapeutic avenues. Main body This review examines the role of key microbial metabolites—short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, tryptophan derivatives, polyamines, bile acids, and phenylacetylglutamine—in blood pressure regulation. Short-chain fatty acids, produced through dietary fiber fermentation, can lower blood pressure by modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation. Elevated trimethylamine N-oxide levels are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and hypertension, influencing cholesterol metabolism and promoting atherosclerosis. Tryptophan derivatives interact with vascular and renal functions to modulate blood pressure. Polyamines affect blood pressure regulation through their impact on nitric oxide synthesis and vascular tone. Bile acids influence blood pressure via gut microbiota modulation and activation of metabolic receptors. Phenylacetylglutamine has been linked to hypertension through its effects on platelet hyperactivity and thrombosis. Therapeutic approaches targeting these metabolites, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary interventions, and polyphenols, have shown varying degrees of success. Probiotics and prebiotics promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and may lower blood pressure. Dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, positively affect blood pressure and cardiovascular health by modulating the gut microbiota. Polyphenols, known for their antioxidant properties, are associated with blood pressure reductions and improved vascular function. Fecal microbiota transplantation shows promise in restoring gut microbial balance and improving metabolic health, potentially influencing blood pressure regulation. Conclusion The review highlights the significant role of gut microbial metabolites in regulating blood pressure, offering new avenues for hypertension management. Key metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine N-oxide, and bile acids, play critical roles in blood pressure modulation. Therapeutic strategies targeting these metabolites, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary interventions, hold promise, though further research is needed to fully understand their mechanisms and optimize their use. Advancing microbiota-based interventions through large-scale studies and exploring personalized therapies will be essential for developing effective treatments in hypertension management.