Abstract
In this work, the impact of chemical additions, especially nano-particles (NPs), was quantitatively analyzed using our constructed artificial neural networks (ANNs)-response surface methodology (RSM) algorithm. Fe-based and Ni-based NPs and ions, including Mg2+, Cu2+, Na+, NH4+, and K+, behave differently towards the response of hydrogen yield (HY) and hydrogen evolution rate (HER). Manipulating the size and concentration of NPs was found to be effective in enhancing the HY for Fe-based NPs and ions, but not for Ni-based NPs and ions. An optimal range of particle size (86–120 nm) and Ni-ion/NP concentration (81–120 mg L−1) existed for HER. Meanwhile, the manipulation of the size and concentration of NPs was found to be ineffective for both iron and nickel for the improvement of HER. In fact, the variation in size of NPs for the enhancement of HY and HER demonstrated an appreciable difference. The smaller (less than 42 nm) NPs were found to definitely improve the HY, whereas for the HER, the relatively bigger size of NPs (40–50 nm) seemed to significantly increase the H2 evolution rate. It was also found that the variations in the concentration of the investigated ions only statistically influenced the HER, not the HY. The level of response (the enhanced HER) towards inputs was underpinned and the order of significance towards HER was identified as the following: Na+ > Mg2+ > Cu2+ > NH4+ > K+.
Highlights
The further rollback of globalization will reshape the current supply chain block, especially as more and more countries have realized how pivotal it is to have selfsufficient industries to produce strategic products such as medicine, energy, and even toilet paper rolls [1]
The current predominant H2 generation still comes from fossil-based materials via existing mature industrial chemical processes such as natural gas steam reforming (NGSR), nature gas thermal cracking (NGTC), auto-thermal reforming (ATR), coal gasification, and partial oxidation of heavier-than-naphtha hydrocarbons [8]
MEG refers to mono ethylene glycol, SC refers to substrate concentration, MSJ denotes Marcroalgea Saccharina Japonica, NMBL refers to R. sphaeroides NMBL-02 and E. coli NMBL-04, MC refers to mixed consortia, BA refers to Bacillus anthracis PUNAJAN 1, CP refers to C. pasteurianum, EA refers to E. aerogenes ATCC13408, EC refers to E. cloacae, Cl refers to Clostridium, Ca refers to C. acetobutylicum NCIM 2337, SJ refers to sugarcane juice, CAS refers to cassava starch
Summary
The further rollback of globalization will reshape the current supply chain block, especially as more and more countries have realized how pivotal it is to have selfsufficient industries to produce strategic products such as medicine, energy, and even toilet paper rolls [1]. To implement BioH2 in different applications either on a decentralized or centralized basis or both, different process intensification approaches have been proposed, such as hydrolysate detoxification, mixed continuous and batch operations, co-fermentation, process optimization, and chemical addition. Among these approaches, chemical addition is considered to be one of the most attractive and practical ones because of its operational simplicity (without any additional modifications) and relatively low energy consumption [14]. The review of assessing the impact of NPs additions on BioH2 production in form of HY and HER using a developed ANNs-RSM algorithm, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported before
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