Abstract
The development of smart negative electrode materials with high capacitance for the uses in supercapacitors remains challenging. Although several types of electrode materials with high capacitance in energy storage have been reported, carbon-based materials are the most reliable electrodes due to their high conductivity, high power density, and excellent stability. The most common complaint about general carbon materials is that these electrode materials can hardly ever be used as free-standing electrodes. Free-standing carbon-based electrodes are in high demand and are a passionate topic of energy storage research. Electrospun nanofibers are a potential candidate to fill this gap. However, the as-spun carbon nanofibers (ECNFs) have low capacitance and low energy density on their own. To overcome the limitations of pure CNFs, increasing surface area, heteroatom doping and metal doping have been chosen. In this review, we introduce the negative electrode materials that have been developed so far. Moreover, this review focuses on the advances of electrospun nanofiber-based negative electrode materials and their limitations. We put forth a future perspective on how these limitations can be overcome to meet the demands of next-generation smart devices.
Highlights
Electrical energy has been an indispensable aspect of human civilization
We reported the ECNF-based negative electrode materials used in supercapacitors
Strategies to obtain higher capacitance by modifying ECNFs without disturbing the electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) behavior of carbon nanofibers were discussed in this report
Summary
Electrical energy has been an indispensable aspect of human civilization. It is essential for day-to-day activities, developing infrastructures, discovering new technologies, and driving the economy. The development of efficient electrical energy storage technology that can store a large amount of energy from intermittent and fluctuating renewable sources has been one of the major obstacles to a fossil fuel-free, clean, and sustainable society [5]. The current research approach is to increase the energy storing capacity of SCs without compromising their cycling life and power density mainly by developing efficient electrode materials [10]. Being lightweight and flexible are additional requirements for portable, flexible, and wearable devices Apart from these factors, the use of cost-effective and ecofriendly materials, availability of simple and fast fabrication processes, demonstration of multifunctional use, and capacity for mass production are parameters that are always at the center of commercial materials
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