Abstract
Dialyzers have been commercially used for hemodialysis application since the 1950s, but progress in improving their efficiencies has never stopped over the decades. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review on the commercial developments and recent laboratory research of dialyzers for hemodialysis application and to discuss the technical aspects of dialyzer development, including hollow fiber membrane materials, dialyzer design, sterilization processes and flow simulation. The technical challenges of dialyzers are also highlighted in this review, which discusses the research areas that need to be prioritized to further improve the properties of dialyzers, such as flux, biocompatibility, flow distribution and urea clearance rate. We hope this review article can provide insights to researchers in developing/designing an ideal dialyzer that can bring the best hemodialysis treatment outcomes to kidney disease patients.
Highlights
One of the major health problems suffered by many people all over the world is renal failure
Gabutti et al [62] compared the impacts of citrateand acetate-based dialysate on dialysis patients and reported that the citrate dialysate offered positive impact on the dialysis efficiency and acid-base status, which significantly contributed to an improved hemodialysis process
The results indicated that the morphology of the sulfonated PES (SPES)-modified membranes was altered, which led to a greater performance
Summary
Noresah Said 1 , Woei Jye Lau 1, * , Yeek-Chia Ho 2 , Soo Kun Lim 3 , Muhammad Nidzhom Zainol Abidin 1 and.
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