A Review of CO2 Storage in View of Safety and Cost-Effectiveness

Cheng Cao,Faisal Mehmood,Wentao Feng,Zhengmeng Hou,Jianxing Liao,Hejuan Liu

doi:10.3390/en13030600

Abstract

The emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO2, have been identified as the main contributor for global warming and climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered to be the most promising strategy to mitigate the anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This review aims to provide the latest developments of CO2 storage from the perspective of improving safety and economics. The mechanisms and strategies of CO2 storage, focusing on their characteristics and current status, are discussed firstly. In the second section, the strategies for assessing and ensuring the security of CO2 storage operations, including the risks assessment approach and monitoring technology associated with CO2 storage, are outlined. In addition, the engineering methods to accelerate CO2 dissolution and mineral carbonation for fixing the mobile CO2 are also compared within the second section. The third part focuses on the strategies for improving economics of CO2 storage operations, namely enhanced industrial production with CO2 storage to generate additional profit, and co-injection of CO2 with impurities to reduce the cost. Moreover, the role of multiple CCS technologies and their distribution on the mitigation of CO2 emissions in the future are summarized. This review demonstrates that CO2 storage in depleted oil and gas reservoirs could play an important role in reducing CO2 emission in the near future and CO2 storage in saline aquifers may make the biggest contribution due to its huge storage capacity. Comparing the various available strategies, CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) operations are supposed to play the most important role for CO2 mitigation in the next few years, followed by CO2-enhanced gas recovery (CO2-EGR). The direct mineralization of flue gas by coal fly ash and the pH swing mineralization would be the most promising technology for the mineral sequestration of CO2. Furthermore, by accelerating the deployment of CCS projects on large scale, the government can also play its role in reducing the CO2 emissions.

Highlights

In the last few centuries, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has already risen above 410 ppm from a level of below 300 ppm in pre-industrial times [1,2]
The results showed that the optimized WAG scheme could accelerate CO2 dissolution and decrease the impact zone up to 14% comparing with that of the constant gas injection scheme
The results showed that the coupled technology of CO2 storage and saline water extraction and treatment is feasible for tens to hundreds of years

Summary

Introduction

In the last few centuries, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has already risen above 410 ppm from a level of below 300 ppm in pre-industrial times [1,2]. The continuous rise in the Earth’s surface temperature appears to be strongly linked with atmospheric concentration of Energies 2020, 13, 600; doi:10.3390/en13030600 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies. 600few centuries, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has already risen above ppm from a level of below 300 ppm in pre-industrial times [1,2]. The continuous rise in the Earth’s surface temperature appears to be strongly linked with atmospheric CO. COsuggests the main contributor to global warming and climate change. CO2 may be the main contributor to global warming and. It makes up an estimated of greenhouse gases [3,4]. It makes up an estimated 77% of greenhouse gases [3,4]

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