Abstract
Breast cancer has the highest cancer incidence rate in women. Early screening of breast cancer can effectively improve the treatment effect of patients. However, the main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer require the corresponding equipment, professional practitioners, and expert analysis, and the detection cost is high. Tumor markers are a kind of active substance that can indicate the existence and growth of the tumor. The detection of tumor markers can effectively assist the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The conventional detection methods of tumor markers have some shortcomings, such as insufficient sensitivity, expensive equipment, and complicated operations. Compared with these methods, biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity, simple operation, low equipment cost, and can quantitatively detect all kinds of tumor markers. This review summarizes the biosensors (2013–2021) for the detection of breast cancer biomarkers. Firstly, the various reported tumor markers of breast cancer are introduced. Then, the development of biosensors designed for the sensitive, stable, and selective recognition of breast cancer biomarkers was systematically discussed, with special attention to the main clinical biomarkers, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and estrogen receptor (ER). Finally, the opportunities and challenges of developing efficient biosensors in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
Highlights
Nowadays, cancer has become one of the main threats to human health and life [1].Among all types of cancer, breast cancer has the highest incidence rate in women worldwide, and the incidence rate is still increasing [2]
Estrogen classical nuclear receptor is located in the nucleus, and its protein is located in the cytodiffuses into the nucleus and binds to its nuclear receptor, which triggers gene regulation plasm temporarily after translation, so it can be detected in the cytoplasm [23]
The results showed that circulating RNA (circRNA) expression was related to the proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance of tumor cells; the level of hsa_circ_103110, hsa_circ_104689, hsa_circ_0058514, hsa_circ_0001982, hsa_circ_104821, hsa_circ_0001785, circKIF4A, and cirs7 rose in the tissue of breast cancer patients, and the level of hsa_circ_406697, hsa_circ_100219, hsa_circ_006054, circTADA2As, circ_Foxo3, and circRNA _000911 declined [47,48]
Summary
Cancer has become one of the main threats to human health and life [1]. Among all types of cancer, breast cancer has the highest incidence rate in women worldwide, and the incidence rate is still increasing [2]. The main diagnostic techniques available for the detection of breast cancer are mammography, breast ultrasound, and breast MRI examination [3,4] These methods require the corresponding equipment, professional practitioners, and expert analysis, and the detection cost is high. Compared with the above methods, the detection of the tumor markers of breast cancer using a biosensor is a more efficient and less costly [5]. Breast of tumor markers play an important role in the early diagnosis of breast cancer, the classification of molecular subtypes, the choice of treatment methods, and the prognosis evaluation [11–. Play biosensors offer significant in terms of specificity, senclassification molecular choice of treatment methods, and the prognosis sitivity, speed,ofand cost ofsubtypes, detectionthe compared to traditional tumor marker detection evaluation [11–13].
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