A review of biofilms in domestic plumbing

Abstract

Several factors have been shown to favor biofilm formation in water distribution systems, including the capability of bacteria to resist disinfectants, improper use of disinfectants, the nature and concentration of biodegradable substances, temperature, and plumbing materials. To date, most research relating to drinking water biofilms has focused on the materials that make up the distribution system before water enters the consumers— plumbing systems. However, drinking water should also meet the necessary quality requirements at the point of consumption even though domestic plumbing systems are usually not constructed from the same materials that are used to construct distribution systems. This article provides a review of the current literature related to the analysis of biofilms found or produced in domestic plumbing systems and highlights the microorganisms identified as well as causes and strategies for control.