A Review of 3d Printing Model of New Blood Vessel Formation For Pharmaceutical Applications

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the primary cause of death in older individuals. An established medical approach for treating CVDs involves replacing blocked or restricted arteries. This surgery, known as vascular transplant, is now considered the most effective method and uses the patient's tissue for transplanting. Artificial Blood Vessels (ABVs) are often not utilized for numerous cardiac individuals due to an individual's advanced age, narrow veins, prior medical history, and aberrant conditions. Hence, it is essential to consider the necessity of vascular substitutes, particularly in vascular transplanting involving extremely narrow dimensions and the presence of suitable alternatives. This work aimed to create a new type of synthetic blood vessel by combining polymer-reinforced materials with bioceramic nanomaterials. Research has been conducted on the biomechanical and chemical characteristics of artificial blood arteries for their potential application in bypass surgery of the coronary arteries for atherosclerosis as part of biological development. The work involved the preparation of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) by combining nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) tiny particles utilizing the extrusion process to create the ABVs. The ideal sample was examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanned Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ABVs had a significant capability to determine the elasticity modulus, wetting, and permeability of the veins. These characteristics were evaluated using fused lamination modeling and 3D printing. The findings indicate that the constricted arteries, made of TPU composites with nanocrystalline HA small particles, had superior chemical resistance and structural properties.