Abstract
Thyroid hormone serves as an indispensable component for the optimum functioning of various biological systems. They curb body’s metabolism, regulates the estrogen level, regulates bone turnover, essential for skeletal development and mineralization. Within the scope of knowledge, it is intimately familiar that thyroid disorders have widespread systemic manifestations, among which in hypothyroidism, even though elevated TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) may reduce estrogen level which in turn stimulates osteoclasts and thus cause osteoporosis, while hyperthyroidism accelerates bone turnover. Hypothyroidism does not directly interfere with the skeletal integrity, but treatment with levothyroxine for the suppression of TSH to bring the hypothyroid patient to euthyroid state for a long haul; lead to simultaneous reduction in bone mass and in (bone mineral density) BMD.
 After the initial relevation of the correlation between thyroid disorders and osteoporosis in numerous studies have emphasized that both hypo and hyperthyroidism either directly or indirectly affects the bone mineral density or leads to the progression of osteoporosis.
 Therefore the present study is aimed and so designed to review all the possible associations between them and the impact of thyroid disorders on estrogen level and bone mineral density.
 The main findings of this review indicate that both excesses as well as deficiency of thyroid hormone can be potentially deleterious for bone tissue.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is one of the most plebeian progressive skeletal diseases described by the quirky disorientation of bone tissue and bone mass
Hyperthyroidism independently accountable for the prolonged activation of osteoclast which leads to the induction of bone loss in adults, while hypothyroidism is not a potent risk factor for osteoporosis [24]
Campus-pastor MM, et al noted that there is a significant decrease in bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, femoral neck and ward triangle in postmenopausal women. Their findings suggest that thyroid hormone exerts their deleterious effect on bone mineral density, which may turn into osteoporosis [47]
Summary
Osteoporosis is one of the most plebeian progressive skeletal diseases described by the quirky disorientation of bone tissue and bone mass. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis accrued by aging, lack of estrogen (menopause), thyroid disorders and excessive release of cytokines (play a major role in the regulation of bone resorption) due to chronic inflammatory disease and increased oxidative stress [10]. Hyperthyroidism independently accountable for the prolonged activation of osteoclast which leads to the induction of bone loss in adults, while hypothyroidism is not a potent risk factor for osteoporosis [24].
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