Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) causes an estimated 1600 foodborne illnesses and 260 deaths annually in the U.S. These outbreaks are a major concern for the apple industry since fresh produce cannot be treated with thermal technologies for pathogen control before human consumption. Recent caramel apple outbreaks indicate that the current non-thermal sanitizing protocol may not be sufficient for pathogen decontamination. Federal regulations provide guidance to apple processors on sanitizer residue limits, organic production, and good manufacturing practices (GMPs). However, optimal methods to control L. monocytogenes on fresh apples still need to be determined. This review discusses L. monocytogenes outbreaks associated with caramel apples and the pathogen’s persistence in the environment. In addition, this review identifies and analyzes possible sources of contaminant for apples during cold storage and packing. Gaseous interventions are evaluated for their feasibility for L. monocytogenes decontamination on apples. For example, apple cold storage, which requires waterless interventions, may benefit from gaseous antimicrobials like chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and ozone (O3). In order to reduce the contamination risk during cold storage, significant research is still needed to develop effective methods to reduce microbial loads on fresh apples. This requires commercial-scale validation of gaseous interventions and intervention integration to the current existing apple cold storage. Additionally, the impact of the interventions on final apple quality should be taken into consideration. Therefore, this review intends to provide the apple industry suggestions to minimize the contamination risk of L. monocytogenes during cold storage and hence prevent outbreaks and reduce economic losses.
Highlights
Apples are one of the most valuable fruit crops in the United States (U.S.)
Potential Listeria contamination on fresh apples resulted in voluntary recalls in several states (U.S Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2017a, 2019a), suggesting the current washing protocols may not be sufficient for pathogen reduction
The results indicated that the use of 1-MCP and/or Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage can potentially manage the development of bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples
Summary
Gaseous Interventions for Listeria monocytogenes Control in Fresh Apple Cold Storage. Optimal methods to control L. monocytogenes on fresh apples still need to be determined. In order to reduce the contamination risk during cold storage, significant research is still needed to develop effective methods to reduce microbial loads on fresh apples. This requires commercial-scale validation of gaseous interventions and intervention integration to the current existing apple cold storage. This review intends to provide the apple industry suggestions to minimize the contamination risk of L. monocytogenes during cold storage and prevent outbreaks and reduce economic losses
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