Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes (DM) is constantly increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. According to the International Diabetes Federation in 2015, an estimated 415 million people globally were suffering from this condition. Complications of DM account for increased morbidity, disability, and mortality and represent a threat for the economies of all countries, especially the developing ones. The present special issue has been devoted to the recent progress in our understanding of diabetic complications, including the underlying molecular mechanisms, new diagnostic tools that facilitate early diagnosis, and novel treatment options. This special issue focuses on progress and challenges in basic and clinical research on these chronic complications of diabetes. The end-stage consequences of diabetic complications can include severe vision loss; end-stage renal disease necessitating dialysis or transplant; myocardial infarction and stroke; and amputations. Many of these life-threatening or disabling events can be preventable with proper “life-long” diabetes care and a healthy lifestyle.
Highlights
The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 366 million people had diabetes in 2011, and that by 2030, this figure will have risen to a staggering 552 million worldwide
SGLT2 inhibitors: Sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a new class of glucose-lowering agents which prevent the reabsorption of renal-filtered glucose back into the circulation and increase urinary glucose elimination, lowering blood glucose levels They have been shown to be effective in reducing HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), systolic blood pressure, bodyweight, as well as hyperglycaemia Dapagliflozin, one of the most advanced SGLT2 inhibitors, has been confirmed effective either as monotherapy or as addon therapy with metformin and insulin Adverse effects observed in the treatment of T2DM patients with dapagliflozin include genital infections and the occurrence of breast and bladder cancer
It is demonstrated that inorganic nitrate therapy can reduce visceral fat accumulation, lower serum triglycerides and normalize a disturbed glucose tolerance in eNOS deficient mice These findings suggest the roles of NO3- and NO2- in the prevention and treatment of T2DM for reduced weight in long-term NO3- therapy
Summary
The International Diabetes Federation estimates that 366 million people had diabetes in 2011, and that by 2030, this figure will have risen to a staggering 552 million worldwide. Neuropathy, and retinopathy are the main microvascular complications induced by chronic hyperglycemia via several mechanisms such as the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), the creation of a proinflammatory microenvironment, and the induction of oxidative stress.
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