Abstract
In comparison to high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) cable systems, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems have several advantages, e.g., the transmitted power or long-distance transmission. The insulating materials feature a non-linear dependency on the electric field and the temperature. Applying a constant voltage, space charges accumulate in the insulation and yield a slowly time-varying electric field. As a complement to measurements, numerical simulations are used to obtain the electric field distribution inside the insulation. The simulation results can be used to design HVDC cable components such that possible failure can be avoided. This work is a review about the simulation of the time-varying electric field in HVDC cable components, using conductivity-based cable models. The effective mechanisms and descriptions of charge movement result in different conductivity models. The corresponding simulation results of the models are compared against measurements and analytic approximations. Different numerical techniques show variations of the accuracy and the computation time that are compared. Coupled electro-thermal field simulations are applied to consider the environment and its effect on the resulting electric field distribution. A special case of an electro-quasistatic field describes the drying process of soil, resulting from the temperature and electric field. The effect of electro-osmosis at HVDC ground electrodes is considered within this model.
Highlights
For the transmission of high electric power over long distances, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is used due to less losses in comparison to high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) [1].Vanishing capacitive and inductive losses in HVDC power cables result in no theoretical limit for the cable length
A special case of an electro-quasistatic field is seen in the vicinity of HVDC ground electrodes, where the time varying electric field is the result of a drying process of the soil and its humidity dependency
This review showed the advances in the calculation and simulation of HVDC cables in the past surface step voltage right at the electrode
Summary
For the transmission of high electric power over long distances, high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is used due to less losses in comparison to high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) [1]. There is still a gap of knowledge to describe the charge transport and the electric conductivity of the insulating material in detail, due to the complex morphology This results in many different possibilities to describe non-linear variations over temperature and electric field. Numerical simulations are a powerful tool to determine the charge transport and the corresponding electric field distribution within the insulation material and a complement to measurements.
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