Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential analgesic properties of the crude extract of Monochoria hastata (MH) leaves using in vivo experiments and in silico analysis. The extract, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited a moderate analgesic property (~54% pain inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing test), which is significant (** p < 0.001) as compared to the control group. The complex inflammatory mechanism involves diverse pathways and they are inter-connected. Therefore, multiple inflammatory modulator proteins were selected as the target for in silico analysis. Computational analysis suggests that all the selected targets had different degrees of interaction with the phytochemicals from the extract. Rutin (RU), protocatechuic acid (PA), vanillic acid (VA), and ferulic acid (FA) could regulate multiple targets with a robust efficiency. None of the compounds showed selectivity to Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). However, regulation of COX and lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade by PA can reduce non-steroidal analgesic drugs (NSAIDs)-related side effects, including asthma. RU showed robust regulation of cytokine-mediated pathways like RAS/MAPK and PI3K/NF-kB by inhibition of EGFR and IKBα (IKK), which may prevent multi-organ failure due to cytokine storm in several microbial infections, for example, SARS-CoV-2. Further investigation, using in vivo and in vitro experiments, can be conducted to develop multi-target anti-inflammatory drugs using the isolated compounds from the extract.
Highlights
The focus of this study is to evaluate the regulation of some key check points in the complex inflammation pathways using the Monochoria hastata (MH) crude extract
We investigated the traditional perception of anti-inflammatory activity of Monochoria hastata leaves extract and the rational anti-inflammatory properties of the reported compounds
The in vivo result indicates the analgesic activity of the crude extract, while in silico analysis tried to focus on the molecular mechanism of action
Summary
Inflammation is a mechanism of multiple interconnected complex pathways. Diverse synthetic drug compounds are available for the treatment of inflammation. The toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a major concern for the selection of dosages as a treatment [1,2]. In this regard, multi-target drug design is coined to develop safer NSAIDs [3,4,5]. Multi-target drug design is coined to develop safer NSAIDs [3,4,5] To address this problem, phytochemicals would be a source for alternative drugs
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