Abstract
The biased usage of nucleotides in coding sequence and its correlation with gene expression has been observed in several studies. A complex set of interactions between genes and other components of the expression system determine the amount of proteins produced from coding sequences. It is known that the elongation rate of polypeptide chain is affected by both codon usage bias and specific amino acid compositional constraints. Therefore, it is of interest to review local DNA-sequence elements and other positional as well as combinatorial constraints that play significant role in gene expression.
Highlights
DNA is the building block of life
The DNA sequence of genes and genomes is the blueprint of the gene function
It has become apparent that the nucleotide composition varies from genome to genome and is one of the major perplexing characteristics of each genome
Summary
DNA is the building block of life. The DNA sequence of genes and genomes is the blueprint of the gene function. For the same gene they designed different coding sequences without altering the native amino acid composition They observed that the folding energy of the initial 40 nucleotides from each mRNA showed strong correlation with the protein abundance values. Gorochowski et al, 2015 analyzed the role of tRNA abundance in mRNA folding and translation elongation [71] They observed that the gene regions enriched with codons having more abundant tRNA has the propensity to form strong secondary structure. Decades of research have established the importance of a proper cap structure for the optimal translation of functional messenger RNA [75] It is an important regulation point of gene expression that protects mRNA from degradation, promotes transcription and nuclear export [76]. MicroRNA mediated regulation of gene expression is selective, specific to the sequence, and depends on the miRNP factors and other RNA binding proteins [89]
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