A remanufacturing inventory model to control the carbon emission using cap-and-trade regulation with the hexagonal fuzzy number

The purpose of this paper is to propose a mathematical model with green environment by controlling carbon emissions. The problem is discussed in both crisp and fuzzy sense. The graded mean integration representation method is used for defuzzification. Also, the fuzzy parameters like, holding cost, setup cost, ordering cost, variable cost, social cost and carbon emission price are taken as hexagonal fuzzy numbers. The paper concludes with a numerical illustration using which the verification can be done.

Grandfather-based or benchmark-based: Strategy choice for carbon quota allocation methods in the carbon neutrality era

In this paper, we construct a multicommodity international trade spatial price equilibrium model of special relevance to agriculture in which exchange rates are included along with policy instruments in the form of tariffs, subsidies as well as quotas. The model allows for multiple trade routes between country origin nodes and country destination nodes and these trade routes can include different modes of transportation and transport through distinct countries. We capture the impacts of exchange rates through the definition of effective path costs and identify the governing multicommodity international trade spatial price equilibrium conditions, which are then formulated as a variational inequality problem in product path flows. Existence results are established and a computational procedure presented. The illustrative numerical examples and a case study are inspired by the impacts of the war against Ukraine on agricultural trade flows and product prices. The modeling and algorithmic framework allows for the quantification of the impacts of exchange rates and various trade policies, as well as the addition or deletion of supply markets, demand markets and/or routes, on supply and demand market prices in local currencies, and on the volume of product trade flows with implications for food security.

The improvement of transportation systems and technologic equipment leads to changing technical capabilities of this equipment. With the development of technologies, industrial development is also inevitable, resulting in correspondingly increasing need of transportation of HeavyWeight and OverSize (HW/OS) cargo. The application of a systematic approach in HW/OS cargo transportation processes allows reducing costs of delivery of such a cargo several times, which leads to a dramatic change of economic development and investment attraction conditions. Thus creating a system of criteria for the selection and assessment of HW/OS routes, which would allow selecting the most appropriate route of transportation in terms of cost and time, is expedient for this reason. The algorithm for the assessment of HW/OS cargo transportation routes will be drawn up in this article. This algorithm enables an objective evaluation of HW/OS transportation processes comparing different modes of transport, route segments, cargo transportation and cargo handling technology, and it can be practically applied to any territory.

PurposeFiscal fund is the key support of carbon emissions control for local governments. This paper aims to analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions by spatial Durbin model (SDM), and verify the existence of “free-riding” phenomenon to reveal the behavior of local governments in carbon emissions control.Design/methodology/approachBased on the provincial data of carbon emissions from 2005 to 2016 in China, this paper uses spatial exploratory data analysis technology to analyze the spatial correlation characteristics and constructs SDM to test the impact of fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions.FindingsThe results show that carbon emissions exhibits significant spatial autocorrelation in China, and the increasing of fiscal decentralization in the region will increase carbon emissions in surrounding areas and on the whole. Then, by comparing the impact of fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions and industrial solid waste, it is found that “free-riding” phenomenon of carbon emissions control exists in China.Practical implicationsBased on the spatial cluster characteristics of China’s provincial carbon emissions, carbon emissions control regions can be divided into regions and different carbon emission control policies can be formulated for different cluster regions. Carbon emissions indicators should be included in the government performance appraisal policy, and carbon emissions producer survey should be increased in environmental policies to avoid “free-riding” behaviors of local government in carbon emissions control in China.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to fill this gap and fully considers the spatial spillover characteristics of carbon emissions by introducing spatial exploratory data analysis technology, constructs SDM to test the impact of fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions in the perspective of space econometrics, and tests the existence of “free-riding” phenomenon in carbon emissions control for local governments in China.

The importance of Transport-related Physical Activity in chronic disease management is increasingly recognized. Previous studies have reported relationships between different modes of transportation and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA), but the conclusions across studies have been inconsistent. Body Mass Index (BMI) has been shown to be directly associated with different transportation modes and is also a significant risk factor for OA. Therefore, our study aims to investigate the causal relationship between different modes of transportation and OA, mediated by BMI, using Mendelian randomization (MR) and mediation analysis. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for different transportation modes were extracted from the IEU openGWAS database as exposure data. GWAS summary data for BMI were used as potential mediator variables, and OA data from the IEU openGWAS database were used as outcome data. A two-sample, two-step MR analysis was performed using the Inverse-Variance Weighted (IVW) method to investigate the causal relationships between different modes of transportation and OA, as well as the mediating role of BMI in these associations. Supplementary analyses were conducted using the weighted median method and MR-Egger regression. Cochran's Q test was used to assess heterogeneity among the SNPs, and the MR-Egger intercept test was applied to examine horizontal pleiotropy. The MR analysis revealed significant associations between transportation modes and the risk of OA. Cycling (OR = 0.568, 95% CI = 0.325-0.991, P = 0.047), public transportation (OR = 0.584, 95% CI = 0.426-0.802, P = 0.0009), and walking (OR = 0.497, 95% CI = 0.376-0.657, P < 0.0001) were negatively associated with OA risk, whereas driving (OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.018-1.385, P = 0.029) was positively associated with OA risk. Mediation analysis indicated that BMI partially mediated the causal relationship between cycling, public transportation, walking, driving, and OA risk, with mediation proportions of 69.6%, 31.9%, 25.0%, and 39.8%, respectively. Cochran's Q test indicated some heterogeneity among the SNPs included in the analysis, and the MR-Egger intercept test suggested no evidence of genetic pleiotropy. Genetically predicted walking, cycling, or public transportation use was negatively associated with the risk of OA, whereas driving increased the risk of OA. BMI mediated over 25% of the causal relationship between different transportation modes and OA. Not applicable.

California is aggressively moving forward with efforts to deploy zero-emission transportation technology to fight climate change, especially the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions from the high-impact transportation sector. However, to date, the investments California has made with Cap-and-Trade funding have focused on ground transportation and some marine sources and not the aircraft at the over 140 airports in the state. Through a California-focused comprehensive GHG emissions analysis, this research project seeks to determine how RAM using electric/hybrid electric aircraft can provide new high-speed transportation for high-priority passenger and cargo movement within Fresno County and connections to coastal urban centers. Using VISION, a model developed by the Argonne National Laboratory Transportation Systems Assessment Group, the research team identified and compared the emission per mile and emission per passenger mile between different modes of transportation using traditional petroleum fuel and other sustainable alternatives at an individual level and within the context of the transportation sector, by comparing different modes of transportation. With this estimation on hand, it becomes more viable for the state of California and other states, as well as the federal government, to establish guidelines and goals for transportation policies and investments.

The idea of Sustainable development has gained more attention since it involves satisfying needs without degrading the environment. Sustainable development has many targets across various subjects in which Sustainable Transportation is one of the cores to sustainable development. The objective of sustainable transportation is to achieve social, environmental and economic growth with universal access, enhanced safety, improved resilience and infrastructure, reduction of emission in greenhouse gases, traffic management, freight management by different modes of transportation. It is vital and interlinked across several sustainable development goals (SDGs) and targets in the 2030 Agenda proposed by United Nations. There is a need to improve sustainable transportation, which can be achieved through artificial intelligence as it helps the sector to increase public transport, traffic safety, reduce accidents and improve traffic management, decrease carbon emissions, rise reliability and also leverage economic growth through methods like Fuzzy logic (FL), Artificial Neural Networks, Ant Colony Optimiser, Genetic algorithms, Swarm optimization algorithm, Simulated Annealing. It is also supported by Big Data Analysis, Internet of Things, Robotic process Automation. This paper addresses the overview of the importance of sustainable transportation along with the role of artificial intelligence in different modes of transportation, current level of sustainability across globe, progress in transport system and conclude with challenges and future improvements that can be made towards the goal.

A feature of recent policy discussion both in Australia and overseas has been a heightened interest in energy taxes and fuel taxes of various kinds. These taxes have been advocated on various grounds, notably their role in discouraging greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, at least in Australia, greenhouse policy discussion has been redirected more towards small-scale sector-specific interventions, and away from economy-wide measures such as a carbon tax. In this context it becomes of interest to ask, how effective might an energy tax be in reducing carbon emissions? Here we use the term energy tax to mean fossil fuel taxes excluding carbon taxes. A carbon tax is levied on carbon dioxide emissions or some closely related basis, while an energy tax is levied on some other basis such as energy content. The paper presents simulation results designed to address these questions. The simulations are performed using the ORANI model of the Australian economy, in a version containing several energy-specific enhancements. These include greater detail on energy production and use in the database, and a wider range of substitution possibilities in energy production and use in the theoretical structure. The database enhancements include extensive disaggregation of the two largest parts of the energy sector, fossil fuels and electricity. The theoretical developments cover substitution between energy and capital, between different sources of energy, between different techniques of generating electricity, and between different modes of transport. We find that a broad-based energy tax would be comparable in effectiveness to a carbon tax in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is because like the carbon tax it would bear heavily on the cheaper fossil fuels and would induce emission abatement through fuel switching. Taxes such as a petroleum products tax which excluded the cheaper fossil fuels would be much less effective.

Problems of providing transport security of Ukraine: regulatory background

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Summary&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;This study aims to quantify the combined effect of changing emissions and population activity in the estimation of urban population during the first COVID19-lockdown measures in the beginning of the year 2020. While most studies focus on the impact of changing emissions in concentration reductions due to lockdown measures, we identified the additional change in population exposure for three different cities in Europe, when taking into account the change in population activity in a dynamic urban population exposure model. The results show that population exposure is underestimated by up to 8% for NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and by up to 29% for PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; exposure, when neglecting the change in population activity.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Introduction&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The lockdown response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an exceptional reduction in global economic and transport activity. Many recent measurement and modelling studies tested the hypothesis that this has reduced ground-level air pollution concentrations as well as the associated population exposure and health effects, especially in urban areas. Although Google and Apple mobility data is utilized in such air quality modelling studies to derive changes in emissions, the mobility data is not used to reflect changes in population activity patterns. Nevertheless, neglecting the mobility of populations in exposure estimates is known to introduce substantial BIAS; especially on urban-scales. Therefore, we identified the additional change in population exposure for three different cities in Europe (Hamburg - DE, Li&amp;amp;#232;ge - BE, Marseille - FR), when taking into account the change in population activity in a dynamic urban population exposure model.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;To model the impact of (1) changing emissions and (2) the change in population activity patterns in our multi-city exposure study, we applied mobility data as derived from different sources (Google, Eurostat, Automatic Identification System, etc.). The aim is to quantify the BIAS in air pollution (PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) exposure estimates that arises from neglecting population activity under COVID-19 lockdown conditions. We applied the urban-scale chemistry transport model EPISODE-CityChem (Karl et. al 2019) and the urban dynamic exposure model UNDYNE (Ramacher et al. 2020) in the European cities Marseille (FR), Li&amp;amp;#232;ge (BE) and Hamburg (DE) in the first six months of 2020. Based on flexible microenvironment definitions for different surroundings (based on the Copernicus UrbanAtlas) and modes of transport (based on OpenStreetMap), the UNDYNE model allows for a flexible application of population activity in European urban areas. This feature was used to evaluate and compare a set of emission and activity scenarios.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;span&amp;gt;Compared to non-lockdown conditions, the derived lockdown activity profiles showed substantial additional changes in the total exposure of the urban population in all cities with up to 8% for NO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; and by up to 29% for PM&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2.5&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;. The analysis of estimated exposure in the different microenvironments home, work and transport reflects the changes in population activity with increasing exposure in the home environment and decreasing exposure in the work and transport environments. Due to the general high reduction of population exposure in transport activities, a significant change of exposure for different modes of transport was not observed.&amp;lt;/span&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Personal Exposure to Ultrafine Particles According to Different Environments and Modes of Transport in Schoolchildren: Results from a Spanish Cohort in Valencia

This chapter explores mobility practices in the context of leisure travel. It analyzes the representations of different modes of transport in two classics of travel writing, Bernard Dadié’s Un Nègre à Paris (1959) and Tété-Michel Kpomassie’s L’Africain du Groenland (1981), and then moves on to novelistic representations of holidaymaking in Simon Njami’s African gigolo (1989) and Kidi Bebey’s Mon Royaume pour une guitare (2016). The last section of the chapter focuses on Felwine Sarr’s contemporary travel chronicle La Saveur des derniers mètres (2021). In this chapter Afroeuropean mobilities are topographically somewhat varied, ranging from Kpomassie’s Arctic destination to French provinces and other European cities in Njami’s and Bebey’s texts, and, eventually, beyond Europe altogether in Sarr’s travelogue. The chapter highlights the role played by different modes of transport in the construction of the meanings of the destination, on the one hand, and the figure of the traveler, on the other. Modes of mobility and transport contribute to the texts’ poetics of mobility by means of changes in narrative rhythm and speed (Dadié and Kpomassie), through plot and character construction (Njami and Bebey), and, finally, as a wholesale organizational narrative structure (Sarr).

It is very important to balance different modes of transportation. This paper analyzes the maximization of general benefit of transportation which is based on bi-level programming model, when there are many different modes to be chosen by passengers. This model may avoid wasting transport resources while there is fierce competence between different modes of transportation. The bi-level programming model of traffic equilibrium network flow between cities may be solved by the algorithm of simulated annealing. There are several characteristics of China passenger transportation such as long distance, huge traffic flow, strong temporal and regional, because of the feature of geographical conditions and the economics of China. Recently, central government and local government tried their best to develop the different types of transportation. But there are still many problems which are results of the uncoordinated situation between different departments of government. This paper aims to coordinate different resources and rationalizes Chinese transportation. Si Bingfeng and etc. (2004) construct model of transportation separation modes with the integrated transportation and analyses the behavior of transportation selection with several modes of transportation. Tian xiaoyan (2006) analyses the diversification of traffic flow with different modes of transportation, when some conditions of transportation change. Chen huajian, Wei bangcheng and etc. (2003, 2008) study the optimization tickets price of railway, the traffic flow of integrated transportation network and optimization railway market by bi-level programming model.

The article analyzes the actual problems of prospects of logistical support of transportation of products. Automobile, railway, aviation and water modes of transport, which function and develop according to different rules and criteria, based on their departmental interests and priorities, were investigated. Conquesting and retaining competitive advantages is relevant for any mode of transport in our country at this stage of economic development. The main directions for strengthening the state transport policy which is necessary to supplement and adjust the actions of market mechanisms in order to ensure the effective, public­interest formation of the state transport system and the transport services market, were formed in this article. A possible solution to the problem is the unification of hundreds of medium-sized and small motor transport companies and freight forwarding companies in one place - a multimodal transport and logistics center with the provision of logistics services. This will attract new investment in the country's transport infrastructure and increase the level of logistics services. The object of study - the process of logistical support for transportation of products. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of interaction and competition between different modes of transport in the modern conditions and to identify possible directions for their solution in the transport of goods and passengers in order to ensure stable economic development, satisfaction of the needs of the population and social production. Methods of research - methods of economic, system and comparative analysis. On the basis of the analysis of the interaction of different types of transport, it was discovered that during this time the cardinal transformational processes from the socialist plans to market relations and infrastructure development took place in the state economy. The specificity of activity of different modes of transport is that they not only interact, but also compete with each other in the provision of transport services. There is a big competition at the interstate level for the transit of goods. It is proved that for further growth of grain export, it is necessary not only to improve the logistics of transportation, but also to develop the infrastructure of the country. It would be appropriate to consider at the state level the possibility of prioritizing the transportation of agricultural products by different modes of transport during the peak period and to develop programs to encourage the construction of modern grain storage facilities in port areas and at the borders of Ukraine with neighboring countries. Expected assumptions about the development of the object of study - a logistic approach for sustainable economic development is proposed, conquesting and retaining competitive advantages which will allow to promptly take into account changes of the environment, to respond to the behavior of competitors and consumers, that is, provide for and form demand and supply in the prospective plan. That is why it is necessary to carry out complex measures aimed at transforming any company into a successful commercial enterprise, which will provide high-quality transport services. In general, the strategic goal is to solve three main tasks: to reduce the company's expenses, increase its income and ensure the maximum safety of movement and safekeeping of cargoes during transportation both on the territory of our state and abroad. KEYWORDS: LOGISTICS, COMPETITIVENESS, TRANSPORTATION OF RODUCTS, THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE COUNTRY, LOGISTIC SYSTEM, STATE TRANSPORT POLICY.