Abstract
Analytical methods for determining 14 endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in coastal waters, suspended particles, and sediment samples were successfully performed by ultrafast liquid chromatography with photodiode array and fluorescence detections (UFLC-PDA-FLD). Solid‑phase extraction (SPE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) were used for sample preparation. Two chromatographic methods have been developed. An isocratic separation method was used to separate bisphenol A (BPA) and steroids and another gradient elution method to separate phthalates and alkylphenols. The detection by fluorescence was used for alkylphenols, BPA, and steroids and photodiode array (PDA) for phthalates. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.41 (4-tert-octylphenol (4tOP)) to 63 ng L-1 (dibutylphthalate (DBP)), 0.41 (4tOP) to 63.2 ng g-1 dried weight (dw) coastal waters, and solid samples (suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment samples), respectively. Recoveries ranged from 52 (diethylphthalate (DEP)) to 116% (DBP) for water, from 54 (DEP) to 108% (estrone (E1)) for SPM, and from 62 (4-n-nonylphenol (4nNP)) to 117% (4-n-octylphenol (4nOP)) for sediment samples. Finally, with the minimization of reagents and energy, the proposed methods were applied to samples collected from Todos os Santos Bay (BTS), Bahia, Northeastern Brazil.
Highlights
Coastal ecosystems play an important role in receiving hydrophobic contaminants from different routes
This study aimed to develop sensitive, simple, reliable, and cost-effective analytical methodologies for the determination of plasticizers and steroid hormones in marine water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples by ultrafast liquid chromatography
We considered the following reasoning: (i) extraction of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) in coastal waters by using Solid‐phase extraction (SPE) as sample preparation method, (ii) extraction of EDCs in SPM by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE), (iii) extraction of EDCs in sediments by ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE), and (iv) separation and determination of EDCs by UFLC-photodiode array (PDA)-FLD
Summary
Coastal ecosystems play an important role in receiving hydrophobic contaminants from different routes. Marine areas are the final destination of pollutants from land runoff, atmospheric deposition, and discharges from industrial, agricultural, and domestic effluents.[1,2,3,4,5] Due to their hydrophobic characteristics, once organic compounds enter into the water bodies, they tend to be preferentially associated with suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments as well as being absorbed by biota.[6,7,8,9,10,11,12] This tendency is likely to be even more pronounced in marine waters due to their inherently high salt content. Those characteristics make the hydrophobic organic compounds migrate to other compartments, binding to organic matter.[1,13,14,15] In turn, once in the biota, hydrophobic compounds may take part in the food web, circulating among different trophic levels as they may bioaccumulate and/or biomagnify
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