A relationship between two-dimensional and four-dimensional space-time by comparing generalized two-dimensional Yang–Mills theory and Maxwell construction

Abstract

Some important problems in science do not have analytical solutions in four dimensions including QCD, but they are integrable in two dimensions. For many years, scientists have been trying to find a relation between two-dimensional and four-dimensional space-time to explain the real problem in four dimensions by accurately solving the appropriate model in two dimensions. In this paper, an interesting relation between gYM2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$gY M_2$$\\end{document} (generalized two-dimensional Yang–Mills) and Maxwell construction has been found, which can be a starting point for finding more relations between two-dimensional and four-dimensional space-time, so this paper can play an important role in the advancement of science. For this purpose, first, the large-N behavior of the quartic-cubic generalized two-dimensional Yang–Mills U(N) on a sphere is investigated for finite cubic couplings. It is shown that there are two phase transitions one of which is of third order, which is similar to previous papers, and the other one is of second order, which is a novel result. Second, gYM2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$gY M_2$$\\end{document} (for G(z)=zm+λzn;m=4,6;n<m\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ G(z) = z^ m + \\lambda \\, z^n; m = 4, 6; n < m$$\\end{document}) and Maxwell construction are compared with each other and a relationship between two-dimensional space-time, which is integrable, and four-dimensional space-time is obtained.