Abstract
오늘날 모든 사람에게 균등한 교육의 기회를 제공하기 위해 실시되는 대중교육은 민주주의적 가치와 부합되는 장점을 지니면서도 질적 저하의 한계를 지닌다는 문제의식을 가지고 그 기원을 비판적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 위해 종교개혁과 함께 교육개혁을 시도한 루터의 교육 사상 및 활동, 그의 교육 사상의 신학적 배경 및 인문주의적 배경에 대하여 살펴보았다. 개성의 해방과 현세적 삶의 향유를 강조하였던 이탈리아 르네상스 등의 배경 위에 진행된 루터의 종교개혁은 도덕적·종교적·신중심적인 운동이었음에도 불구하고 중세의 聖과 俗의 이층 구조를 무너뜨리면서 점점 세속화의 길로 나아가게 하였고, 교육을 신성한 것으로 여겼던 사상에서도 멀어지게 하였다. 이 과정에서 도입된 대중교육은 시간이 흐르면서 군주에 의해 빈민을 대상으로 국가의 이익을 추구하기 위한 수단이 되기도 하면서 오우크쇼트의 주장대로 본래의 교육을 침해하는 방향으로 진행되어 나갔다. 이러한 대중교육은 옛 동양의 선현들처럼 높은 경지를 믿고 추구한다든가 고대 그리스 철학자들처럼 이데아의 세계를 인식하려 한다든가 하는 교육적 의도에서 멀어지게 하였음을 비판하였다. 이에 대한 대안으로 교육의 神聖性을 회복하여 세속화의 과정에서 잊혀져왔던 성의 세계, 즉 초월 세계의 존재를 믿고 높은 경지를 추구하며 살아가게 할 것을 제안하였다.Many scholars in education have expressed some concerns with the quality of today’s education, believing that it was in many part brought about by the mass education system. The mass education system was used by the rulers of Western nations as menas of instructing the poor subjects to increase the well-being and human capital of nations in the 17th century. This system has invaded the original idea of education as an initiation into an inheritance of human understandings as Oakeshott lamented. Searching for the origin of the mass education system, the author reached the religious reformer Martin Luther. In order to understand the religious and social context in which the mass education system was called for, the author critically examined Luther’s educational thoughts and activities, theological thoughts, and the renaissance humanism and the biblical humanism. As a result, the author ascertained, first, that Luther’s Reformation was influenced by Italian renaissance that emphasized the emancipation of the individuality and enjoying the present-day life. Second, the author found out that Luther’s Reformation, although it was moral, religious, and God-centered movement, disintegrated the divine-secular double structure and moved people away not only from the divine world of middle ages, but also from the thought that education is divine. The author argued that the mass education system has made people gradually move away from such educational models as ancient oriental sages who believed in and pursued the absolute knowledge and self-realization that are too high to reach during one’s life time and as ancient Greek philosophers who tried to recognize The Idea of the Good. The author suggests that educators revive the awareness of an absolute that looks upward to the eternal and divine and have students believe in and pursue the divine, transcendental world that has been forgotten in the course of secularization during the past half of a millenium.
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