A Red Giants’ Toy Story. II. Understanding the Red-giant Branch Bump

Abstract

The Red-Giant Branch Bump (RGBB) is one of the most noteworthy features in the red-giant luminosity function of stellar clusters. It is caused by the passage of the hydrogen-burning shell through the composition discontinuity left at the point of the deepest penetration by the convective envelope. When crossing the discontinuity the usual trend in increasing luminosity reverses for a short time before it increases again, causing a zig-zag in the evolutionary track. In spite of its apparent simplicity the actual physical reason behind the decrease in luminosity is not well understood and several different explanations have been offered. Here we use a recently proposed simple toy model for the structure of low-mass RGs, together with previous results, to show beyond reasonable doubt that the change in luminosity at the RGBB can be traced to the change in the mean molecular weight of the layers on top of the burning shell. And that these changes happen on a nuclear timescale. The change in the effective mean molecular weight, as the burning shell approaches the discontinuity, causes a drop in the temperature of the burning shell which is attenuated by the consequent feedback contraction of the layers immediately below the burning shell. Our work shows that, when applied correctly, including the feedback on the structure of the core together with the increase in the mass of the core, shell-source homology relations do a great quantitative job in explaining the properties of full evolutionary models at the RGBB.