Abstract
Graphitic carbons have been used as conductive supports for developing rechargeable batteries. However, the classic ion intercalation in graphitic carbon has yet to be coupled with extrinsic redox reactions to develop rechargeable batteries. Herein, we demonstrate the preparation of a free-standing, flexible nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped hierarchically porous graphitic carbon for iodine loading by pyrolysis of polyaniline coated cellulose wiper. We find that heteroatoms could provide additional defect sites for encapsulating iodine while the porous carbon skeleton facilitates redox reactions of iodine and ion intercalation. The combination of ion intercalation with redox reactions of iodine allows for developing rechargeable iodine–carbon batteries free from the unsafe lithium/sodium metals, and hence eliminates the long-standing safety issue. The unique architecture of the hierarchically porous graphitic carbon with heteroatom doping not only provides suitable spaces for both iodine encapsulation and cation intercalation but also generates efficient electronic and ionic transport pathways, thus leading to enhanced performance.
Highlights
Graphitic carbons have been used as conductive supports for developing rechargeable batteries
The subsequent pyrolysis of PANi coated cellulose wiper at an elevated temperature resulted in the formation of HPCM-NP
We have prepared 3D free-standing porous carbon matrix co-doped with N and P by a facile pyrolysis of polyaniline coated cellulose wipers generated from interfacial polymerization of aniline on the cellulose wiper in the presence of phytic acid
Summary
Graphitic carbons have been used as conductive supports for developing rechargeable batteries. The classic ion intercalation in graphitic carbon has yet to be coupled with extrinsic redox reactions to develop rechargeable batteries. The combination of ion intercalation with redox reactions of iodine allows for developing rechargeable iodine–carbon batteries free from the unsafe lithium/sodium metals, and eliminates the long-standing safety issue. The rechargeable Li–iodine batteries interesting as low-cost, but efficient, alternatives to LIBs, inexpensive and highly conducting iodine-based cathodes with a stable and high iodine loading still need to be developed. Carbon-based electrodes have been widely used for energy storage/conversion with their performance being strongly dependent on the composition and microstructure of the carbon materials[19,20,21,22,23] In this context, heteroatom (e.g., B, N, P, and S)
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