Abstract
A set of lab-scale experiments were designed and conducted to remedy Direct Blue 15 (DB15) dye using nontoxic halloysite nanotubes (HNT) with the view to be utilized in a textile industrial effluent (TIE). The DB15 adsorbed-HNT “sludge” was used as a reinforcing agent and plastic waste to fabricate the composite. To advance the knowledge and further understand the chemical phenomena associated with DB15 adsorption on HNT, different factors like pH value, adsorbate initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on the composite were affected experimentally tested. To estimate the adsorption capacity of HNT, nine isotherm models were applied, and it was identified that the Brouers–Sotolongo adsorption isotherm model represented the best accuracy for predicting the adsorption behavior of the HNT. Likewise, the pseudo-second-order reaction was the predominant mechanism for the overall rate of the multi-step dye adsorption process. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the mass transfer during the process is diffusion-controlled, and thermodynamic assessments showed that the process is physisorption.
Highlights
Our previous studies successfully demonstrate a novel nutraceutical industrial spent as a new class of bio-sorbents to amputate dyes from water and industrial effluents
A comparison of FTIR spectra of pristine halloysite nanotubes (HNT), Direct Blue 15 (DB15) dye, and DB15 dye adsorbed on HNT revealed the following: absence of bands between 2800–3000 cm−1 was identified in pristine HNT (Figure 3), whereas a tiny band appeared at around 3750 cm−1 was ascribed to traces of adsorbed water
The connections among HNT as the adsorbent and DB15 color as the adsorbate displayed a test harmony worth 96.00 mg g−1 at pH 2, 69.00 mg g−1 at a practically unbiased pH, and 112 mg g−1, which was obtained via statistical optimization
Summary
Our previous studies successfully demonstrate a novel nutraceutical industrial spent as a new class of bio-sorbents to amputate dyes from water and industrial effluents. The resultant dye adsorbed waste as a filler material and a plastic waste to fabricate composites [1]. The insatiable consumption of water in textile industries has led to a massive water pollution problem as well [2]. This is because, in this industry, in various stages, the discharge waste contains a variety of dyes that poses a technical challenge for the treatment of water and is, a threat to the environment and health of the ecosystem [3]. There is a need to develop innovative, efficient, and cost-effective methods to treat textile industrial effluents. Much effort has been made to utilize different techniques, including but not limited to biologcal [4], chemical [5], photo-chemical [6], and physical routes [7,8,9] Despite some promising results, they have three significant deficiencies such as (1) economically unviable, (2) production of undesirable degradation products which display more toxicity than the precursors, and (3) production of undesirable sludge
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