Abstract
Cadmium (Cd2+), a heavy metal ion used in numerous industries, has toxic adverse effects on the environment; it is crucial to develop a quick and reliable method for Cd2+ determination. Fluorescent biomass-derived carbon quantum dots (CD) with rich carboxyl groups on the surface were synthesized using water amaranth leaves by hydrothermal method with a 12.1% quantum yield. The surface of CD was further modified with 1-pyrene carboxaldehyde (PC) to synthesize pyrene carboxaldehyde-carbon quantum dots (PC-CD). This study developed a fluorescent ratiometric nanosensor using a covalently functionalized CD with pyrene derivative and demonstrates highly selective identification capability towards Cd2+ over competing metal ions. The Nano sensor has significant selectivity towards Cd2+ in an excellent linear range of 0–70 µM with a detection limit as low as 15 nM and demonstrates excellent water solubility and biocompatibility. Transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS) were used to identify the surface functionalization of PC-CD. Finally, the developed ratiometric sensor was used for detecting Cd2+ metal ions from various water effluents.
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