Abstract
Food safety concerns owing to bacterial contamination have drawn significant attention; thus, the development of techniques for rapid and accurate detection of pathogens is an active research area. The development of a biological detection methodology based on techniques such as nanoprobe, graphene transparent electrode (GTE), or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) luminescence is described in this paper. Two system parts were designed; one can pump reagents precisely controlled by a microprogrammed control unit (MCU), whereas the other can rapidly process signals from a photomultiplier tube (PMT) by the hard module. Thus, the system works automatically and detects bacteria in food rapidly. The system not only uses the probe to capture and enrich Escherichia coli via an antibody-antigen reaction but also enriches ATP using an electric field generated by the GTE to further improve the accuracy of the system. Compared with the other conventional approaches, this system can produce a linear correlation coefficient of up to 0.972 and meet the design demand. Moreover, detection can be completed within 20 min. The detectable bacterial concentration range is 10 2 -10 6 CFU/mL. Additionally, a series of curves obtained by measurements of different polluted food products such as drinks, meat, and grains show that the system has a satisfactory performance. It meets the requirements of a rapid, on-site detection system.
Highlights
Human activities have resulted in urban pollution and industrial and agricultural contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus species
The results show that adenosine triphosphate (ATP) fluorescence is strong under weakly alkaline conditions, while ATP is negatively charged in weakly alkaline conditions
SYSTEM NOISE In the course of the reaction, as the intensity of ATP fluorescence is extremely weak, system noise has an influence on measurement accuracy
Summary
Human activities have resulted in urban pollution and industrial and agricultural contamination with pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus species. Kuang et al used immunomagnetic separation in tandem with fluorescent probes to detect Salmonella with a sensitivity of 500 CFU/mL [9] In their experiments, two monoclonal antibodies were used to recognize different antigens on the surface of the Salmonella and their experiments employing immune-magnetic beads exhibited high enrichment efficiency for Salmonella (90%). A rapid detection system prototype based on magnetic separation and ATP enrichment using the force from an electric field was developed The combination of these techniques improves testing accuracy and enhances measurement efficiency. Graphene has a mono-layered two-dimensional hexagonal lattice structure made up of unique SP2 hybridized carbon atoms [23] It possesses excellent characteristics, such as good conductivity [24], light transmittance, excellent mechanical properties and electron mobility at room temperature, a large specific surface area, and high conductivity.
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