Abstract
One hundred and thirty-seven accessions of Cynanchum viminale and its relatives, formerly known as Sarcostemma, were studied using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A fingerprinting technique was used because sequencing had failed to differentiate between morphologically separable groups. Chromosome counts were conducted to establish the ploidy level of the accessions. The banding patterns resulting from RAPD analysis were evaluated with Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates, Permanova and neighbour-joining. A strong geographic component was found in the structure of the group. Taxa considered species or subspecies based on morphology often formed coherent groups. The data are interpreted to reflect at least two cycles of diversification: the first one from Madagascar and the second one most likely from the East African–Arabian region, reaching Madagascar again. In mainland Africa, polyploidisation has occurred several times.
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