A randomized controlled trial to evaluate propylene glycol alone or in combination with dextrose as a treatment for hyperketonemia in dairy cows

Abstract

Our objective was to investigate the effect of i.v. dextrose as an adjunct therapy to oral propylene glycol on the resolution of hyperketonemia (HYK; blood β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L), disease incidence, and early lactation milk yield. Cows (n = 1,249) between 3 and 16 d in milk (DIM) from 4 New York dairy farms were screened once weekly for HYK for 2 wk. Those with HYK and no previous history of retained placenta, metritis, or HYK were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups: 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d (PG3); 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on d 1 (PG3D1); or 300 mL of oral 100% propylene glycol for 3 d plus 500 mL i.v. 50% dextrose on all 3 d (PG3D3). Cows with a blood β-hydroxybutyrate <1.2 mmol/L at initial screening were re-screened the following week and randomly assigned to the above treatment groups if blood β-hydroxybutyrate was ≥1.2 mmol/L. Cows were assessed for post-treatment HYK resolution 1 and 2 wk after initial HYK diagnosis. We collected farm-diagnosed occurrence of adverse events (sold, died, metritis, displaced abomasum, or ketosis) during the first 60 DIM and milk yield data from the first 10 wk of lactation from herd management software. We used mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression models to assess the risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at 1 and 2 wk following initial HYK diagnosis and adverse event occurrence among treated cows. We used repeated-measures ANOVA to assess differences in average daily milk yield between treatments. The overall HYK incidence was 30.1% (n = 373). Sixty-four percent of cows (n = 237) were assigned to a treatment group in the first week (3 to 9 DIM), and 36% (n = 136) assigned the second week (10 to 16 DIM). The incidence of 1 or more adverse events during the first 60 DIM was 9.4% (n = 35). We found no effect of treatment on risk of post-treatment HYK resolution at wk 1 (PG3 56.9%, PG3D1 45.0%, PG3D3 50.0%) or wk 2 (PG3 60.0%, PG3D1 52.1%, PG3D3 59.5%) following initial diagnosis, or for risk of adverse event occurrence (PG3 7.4%, PG3D1 8.0%, PG3D3 12.6%). Average daily milk yield (mean ± SE) was similar between treatment groups (PG3: 42.7 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D1: 42.4 ± 0.6 kg/d, PG3D3: 42.6 ± 0.6 kg/d). The addition of dextrose for 1 or 3 d provided no improvement in resolution of ketosis assessed once weekly, reduction in adverse events during the first 60 d of lactation, or a difference in average daily milk yield during the first 10 wk of lactation.