A quantitative study of weak noncovalent interactions in two pyridine isomers containing nitrile and thiophene moieties: a combined X-ray and theoretical investigation

Abstract

Single crystals of two pyridine isomers containing cyano and thiophene moieties {systematic names: (Z)-2-(pyridine-2-yl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile, $$\hbox {C}_{{12}}\hbox {H}_{{8}}\hbox {N}_{{2}}\hbox {S}$$ , I and (Z)-2-(pyridine-3-yl)-3-(thiophen-2-yl)acrylonitrile, $$\hbox {C}_{{12}}\hbox {H}_{{8}}\hbox {N}_{{2}}\hbox {S}$$ , II} were obtained from ethanol-cyclohexane mixture. The thiophene ring was found to be disordered over two orientations (syn and anti) in II. The potential energy surface scan of thiophene ring rotation suggests that the syn conformer is more stable by $$\approx 4 \,\hbox {kcal mol}^{-1}$$ than that of the anti-conformer. The optimized structures obtained using the DFT method (M06-2X/cc-pVTZ level of theory) show a high degree of similarity with the experimental structures. A detailed experimental and theoretical analysis on the intra- and intermolecular interactions observed in these structures is reported. The molecules arranged in the crystalline state are completely different in I and II. Intermolecular interactions are qualitatively analyzed using Hirshfeld surface and its associated 2D fingerprint plots. The intermolecular interaction energies of different molecular pairs are calculated using the PIXEL method. Several weak non-covalent interactions such as C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {N}$$ , C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \uppi $$ , C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {S}$$ , $$\uppi \cdot \cdot \cdot \uppi $$ and $$\hbox {S}\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {N}$$ contacts play a vital role in the stabilization of crystal structures. These interactions are further explored by the topological analysis of the electron density based on the quantum theory of the atoms-in-molecules approach. Crystal structures of two pyridine isomers of acrylonitrile derivatives are reported. Structures are stabilized by several weak non-covalent interactions such as C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {N}$$ , C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \uppi $$ , C–H $$\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {S}$$ , $$\uppi \cdot \cdot \cdot \uppi $$ and $$\hbox {S}\cdot \cdot \cdot \hbox {N}$$ contacts in the solid state. Evaluation of these weak non-covalent interactions has been performed by means of the quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules approach (QTAIM).