A qualitative exploration of the perspectives of mental health professionals on stigma and discrimination of mental illness in Malaysia.

Ainul Nadhirah Hanafiah,Tine Van Bortel

doi:10.1186/s13033-015-0002-1

Abstract

BackgroundStigma of mental illness has been identified as a significant barrier to help-seeking and care. Basic knowledge of mental illness - such as its nature, symptoms and impact - are neglected, leaving room for misunderstandings on mental health and ‘stigma’. Numerous researches have been conducted on stigma and discrimination of people with mental disorders. However, most of the literature investigates stigma from a cultural conception point of view, experiences of patients or public attitudes towards mental illness but little to none from the standpoint of mental health professionals. In Malaysia, this research on stigma is particularly limited. Therefore, the state of stigma and discrimination of people with mental illness was investigated from the perspectives of mental health professionals in Malaysia.MethodsIn-depth, face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 mental health professionals from both government and private sectors including psychiatrists, psychologists and counsellors. The interviews were approximately 45-minutes long. The data was subsequently analysed using the basic thematic approach.ResultsSeven principal themes, each with their own sub-themes, emerged from the analysis of ‘stigma of mental illness’ from mental health professionals’ point of view, including: (1) main perpetrators, (2) types of mental illness carrying stigma, (3) demography and geography of stigma, (4) manifestations of stigma, (5) impacts of stigma, (6) causes of stigma and (7) proposed initiatives to tackle stigma. Stigma of mental illness is widespread in Malaysia. This is most evident amongst people suffering from conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Stigma manifests itself most often in forms of labelling, rejection, social exclusion and in employment. Family, friends and workplace staff are reported to be the main perpetrators of discriminatory conducts.ConclusionAccording to the perspectives of the mental health professionals, implications of stigma include patients being trapped in a vicious cycle of discrimination leading to detrimental consequences for the individual, their families, communities and society as a whole. There is a pressing need to address stigma of mental illness and its consequences, especially through raising awareness of mental health and wellbeing in Malaysia, as reported by the mental health professionals.

Highlights

Individuals with mental illness often struggle a doubleedged sword battle
In this study, all references made by the participants regarding stigma of mental illness referred to the past 1 to 10 years of their work experiences as mental health practitioners
It transpired that mental health professionals are aware of stigma and discrimination towards

Summary

Introduction

Individuals with mental illness often struggle a doubleedged sword battle. Coping with the symptoms of the condition itself is already difficult enough whilst misperceptions of the condition create further complications such as suffering negative connotations - ‘stigma’ - and discrimination [1,2,3]. Global stigma and discrimination of mental illness Stigma and discrimination is not limited to mental illness Physical medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS [8] and obesity [8,9,10] often face similar challenges [11]. Civil society is often inclined to hold people with mental disorders responsible and accountable for their condition and are less sympathetic to them [12]. These negative attitudes often result in discriminatory behaviours.

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Conclusion