Abstract
Since wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are powered by energy-constrained batteries, many energy-efficient routing protocols have been proposed to extend the network lifetime. However, most of the protocols do not well balance the energy consumption of the WSNs. The hotspot problem caused by unbalanced energy consumption in the WSNs reduces the network lifetime. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP). In the PUDCRP protocol, the distribution of the clusters will change dynamically when some nodes fail. The PSO algorithm is used to determine the area where the candidate CH (cluster head) nodes are located. The adaptive clustering method based on node distribution makes the cluster distribution more reasonable, which balances the energy consumption of the network more effectively. In order to improve the energy efficiency of multi-hop transmission between the BS (Base Station) and CH nodes, we also propose a connecting line aided route construction method to determine the most appropriate next hop. Compared with UCCGRA, multi-hop EEBCDA, EEMRP, CAMP, PSO-ECHS and PSO-SD, PUDCRP prolongs the network lifetime by between 7.36% and 74.21%. The protocol significantly balances the energy consumption of the network and has better scalability for various sizes of network.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years
Due to the low cost, small size and self-organization of sensors [1], WSNs have been adopted in diverse application fields, such as military, crime prevention, environmental monitoring, health care services, vehicular movements, etc. [2,3,4] As sensor nodes are supplied by non-rechargeable batteries [5], designing an energy-efficient routing protocol to prolong the network lifetime is a vital issue in WSNs
We propose a particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based uneven dynamic clustering method which divides the network area into circles with unequal sizes based on the distribution of nodes
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have attracted widespread attention in recent years. Due to the low cost, small size and self-organization of sensors [1], WSNs have been adopted in diverse application fields, such as military, crime prevention, environmental monitoring, health care services, vehicular movements, etc. [2,3,4] As sensor nodes are supplied by non-rechargeable batteries [5], designing an energy-efficient routing protocol to prolong the network lifetime is a vital issue in WSNs. Clustering can improve energy efficiency, but it can cause hotspot problems [10,11]. Many energy-efficient clustering routing algorithms have been proposed to solve the hotspot problem. The UCCGRA (Unequal Clustering and Connected Graph Routing Algorithm) algorithm [13] considers the clustered network with unequal size based on sensor energy used for the transmission. The aforementioned protocols improve the energy efficiency of WSNs. not all the protocols carefully consider the distribution of nodes. This paper proposes a PSO-based uneven dynamic clustering multi-hop routing protocol (PUDCRP), which alleviates the hotspot problem and achieves better energy balance. We propose a PSO-based uneven dynamic clustering method which divides the network area into circles with unequal sizes based on the distribution of nodes.
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