Abstract
This article reports on an easy-to-follow methodology for fish lipids analysis, including the biological sample collection, lipid extraction, sample preparation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis and statistical data analysis, with details on parameters used for the NMR analysis and the care needed in each step execution. As an example of the biological matrix of lipids, for the entire procedure, we have used two Amazonian fish samples. Phenotype factor was taken into account when lipid contents of the Amazonian fish samples were evaluated, such as fish-eating habits in distinct Amazon seasonal periods, the flood and the drought. Results demonstrated the applicability of NMR as a powerful and useful tool for fish oil analysis. The omnivorous (T. elongatus) and the piscivorous (C. monoculus) Amazonian fish differ in composition and distribution of lipids, which show differences not only because of the different eating habits between the two species, but also by the availability and quantity of food along the year, i.e., during the flood and drought Amazon periods.
Highlights
One of the most promising techniques for lipid analysis in biological tissues is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which is a high-resolution non-destructive method
Studies of fish oils were widely performed using the NMR technique[4,5,7] ever since essential fatty acids, which are widely found in fish, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3),[8,9] have become part of a diet recommended by nutritionists
It was demonstrated that the 1H NMR spectroscopy followed with chemometrics, named lipidomics by NMR, showed to be an excellent methodology for the characterization of the fish lipid molecules
Summary
One of the most promising techniques for lipid analysis in biological tissues is nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, which is a high-resolution non-destructive method. For the C. monoculus, this variation is explained by the quantity of fish and other animals that are confined in a lower volume of water in the drought period, which facilitate the feeding of a piscivore species.[28,34] For T. elongatus, it was expected to observe higher lipid content for the flood season because of a greater availability of fruits and seeds and a larger flooded area.[34] the opposite was detected and measured.
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