A proteomic approach to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Elena López‐Villar,Elena López‐Villar,Shigeru Okada,Gabriel Á Martos‐Moreno,Jesús Argente,Jesús Argente,Jesús Argente,Shigeru Okada,John J Kopchick,John J Kopchick,John J Kopchick,Gabriel Á Martos‐Moreno,Gabriel Á Martos‐Moreno,Julie A Chowen,Julie A Chowen,Julie A Chowen

doi:10.1111/jcmm.12600

Abstract

The incidence of obesity and type diabetes 2 has increased dramatically resulting in an increased interest in its biomedical relevance. However, the mechanisms that trigger the development of diabetes type 2 in obese patients remain largely unknown. Scientific, clinical and pharmaceutical communities are dedicating vast resources to unravel this issue by applying different omics tools. During the last decade, the advances in proteomic approaches and the Human Proteome Organization have opened and are opening a new door that may be helpful in the identification of patients at risk and to improve current therapies. Here, we briefly review some of the advances in our understanding of type 2 diabetes that have occurred through the application of proteomics. We also review, in detail, the current improvements in proteomic methodologies and new strategies that could be employed to further advance our understanding of this pathology. By applying these new proteomic advances, novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic protein targets will be discovered in the obesity/Type 2 diabetes area.

Highlights

Sample preparation Special issues concerning tissue/blood sampling– Serum samples Proteomic methodologies Analysis of protein phosphorylation– Sequential elution of (IMAC) followed by TiO2 – Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation– Selected reaction monitoring or multiple reaction monitoring – Label-free quantification – Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry MS-n (Nano-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MSn) Identification of proteins Current and relevant studies of DM and obesity using proteomic approaches Concluding remarks AbstractThe incidence of obesity and type diabetes 2 has increased dramatically resulting in an increased interest in its biomedical relevance
Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Foundation for Cellular and Molecular Medicine
We have found that many proteins do not exist as a single form but as isoforms probably generated by post-translational modifications (PTM) of a given protein

Summary

Introduction

The incidence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is increasing at an the obesity epidemic as DM2 is a comorbidity frequently seen in alarming rate world-wide. The resulting selectivity from the two filtering stages coupled to the high-duty cycle data in quantitative assays allows for extremely high sensitivity [51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60] This technique allows the relative and absolute quantification of 2 to 8 complex-samples at the same time [47]. To obtain reliable and reproducible biomarker data, it is always necessary to standardize protocols for the collection, handling, storage and processing of samples for subsequent proteomic analyses using any of the procedures described above These tools allow the analysis of hundreds of proteins at a given time in a very small sample size with high sensitivity. Reference map of the human proteome useful for many pathologies will be available, facilitating the use of proper controls for each clinical study [110], as it is very important to choose proper patients and good controls for independent verification, especially when looking for real protein biomarkers for improvements in diagnoses and therapies [111]

Findings

Concluding remarks