A Protein–Leucine Supplement Increases Branched-Chain Amino Acid and Nitrogen Turnover But Not Performance

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the effect of postexercise protein-leucine coingestion with CHO-lipid on subsequent high-intensity endurance performance and to investigate candidate mechanisms using stable isotope methods and metabolomics. In this double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 12 male cyclists ingested a leucine/protein/CHO/fat supplement (LEUPRO 7.5/20/89/22 g · h(-1), respectively) or isocaloric CHO/fat control (119/22 g · h(-1)) 1-3 h after exercise during a 6-d training block (intense intervals, recovery, repeated-sprint performance rides). Daily protein intake was clamped at 1.9 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (LEUPRO) and 1.5 g · kg(-1) · d(-1) (control). Stable isotope infusions (1-(13)C-leucine and 6,6-(2)H2-glucose), mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, and nitrogen balance methods were used to determine the effects of LEUPRO on whole-body branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and glucose metabolism and protein turnover. After exercise, LEUPRO increased BCAA levels in plasma (2.6-fold; 90% confidence limits = ×/÷ 1.1) and urine (2.8-fold; ×/÷ 1.2) and increased products of BCAA metabolism plasma acylcarnitine C5 (3.0-fold; ×/÷ 0.9) and urinary leucine (3.6-fold; ×/÷ 1.3) and β-aminoisobutyrate (3.4-fold; ×/÷ 1.4), indicating that ingesting ~10 g leucine per hour during recovery exceeds the capacity to metabolize BCAA. Furthermore, LEUPRO increased leucine oxidation (5.6-fold; ×/÷ 1.1) and nonoxidative disposal (4.8-fold; ×/÷ 1.1) and left leucine balance positive relative to control. With the exception of day 1 (LEUPRO = 17 ± 20 mg N · kg(-1), control = -90 ± 44 mg N · kg(-1)), subsequent (days 2-5) nitrogen balance was positive for both conditions (LEUPRO = 130 ± 110 mg N · kg(-1), control = 111 ± 86 mg N · kg(-1)). Compared with control feeding, LEUPRO lowered the serum creatine kinase concentration by 21%-25% (90% confidence limits = ± 14%), but the effect on sprint power was trivial (day 4 = 0.4% ± 1.0%, day 6 = -0.3% ± 1.0%). Postexercise protein-leucine supplementation saturates BCAA metabolism and attenuates tissue damage, but effects on subsequent intense endurance performance may be inconsequential under conditions of positive daily nitrogen balance.