Abstract
The time-modulation approach is extended to spherical antenna arrays to synthesize ultra-low side-lobe patterns. A projection approach combined with the generalized Tseng–Cheng distributions, which generate axis-symmetric patterns in all ϕ-cuts for planar arrays with square lattices and boundaries, is utilized in the synthesis of time-modulated spherical arrays. Patterns with an approximately Dolph–Chebyshev profile for all ϕ-cuts are successfully synthesized by phase compensation using the differential evolution algorithm. Numerical results show that ultra-low side-lobes can be synthesized for time-modulated spherical arrays, with very low dynamic-range ratios, low sideband levels, and minimal reduction in directivity and efficiency.
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